<p>The First Congregational Church of Middletown, New York, United States is one of the most visible landmarks of that city&#39;s downtown skyline. Its spire rises higher than any other church or structure in the central neighborhoods of the city. Constructed in 1872, this is the third church built by this congregation.</p><br>
<p>The congregation was established in 1785, after the American Revolutionary War, by migrants who came from New England. The first church was built before residents had even named their settlement of houses and farms. It has been argued that the formation of the church at that time marks the beginning of Middletown&#39;s existence as a village. For 40 years it was the only church in the area. The current Gothic Revival building was designed by architect Isaac G. Perry and reflects the ambitions of the prosperous residents of the town of that period.</p><br>
<p>The Sumpter Valley Gold Dredge is a historic gold dredge located in Sumpter, in the USA state of Oregon. Gold was discovered in Sumpter in 1862. Three gold dredges were put into service in the Sumpter Valley district between 1912 and 1934.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>A gold dredge works by having large buckets that pull the gold-bearing earth up into its machinery to be processed, keeping the gold and spewing the waste (known as "tailings") out the back by way of a stacker. Built on a shallow hull, these dredges did not need a lot of water to operate, as they moved their pond of water with them.</p><br>
<p>The internal mechanics were not very sophisticated—they duplicated, on a larger scale, many of the devices used by placer mining throughout the gold rush, such as the gold pan and the sluice box. In essence, the dirt that was dug by the large electrically powered buckets was sifted and sorted, and the remainder was washed over a series of riffles allowing the gold to settle and be trapped. The primary advantages that made the dredge more efficient than other methods were the volume of earth it could process and having its own water supply. The dredge that was built in Sumpter Valley could dig over 20 buckets per minute, consuming more than seven yards of earth each minute.</p><br>
<p>The Sumpter Valley Gold Dredge required a three-man crew to operate the machinery and 17 more workers to complete the crew for maintenance, bookkeeping, surveying, truck driving, managing and a few other roles. The dredge operated 363 days a year; most of the men were given the Fourth of July and Christmas day off from work. One or two men had to stay on board to watch over the machine during the evenings. Dredge workers often reported hearing the ghost of Joe Bush "Haunting" the dredge when the dredge was not operating due to closure or repair.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Three dredges worked the valley from 1913 to 1954. Sumpter No. 3 was built substantially from parts of the first dredge, which had been idle for 10 years. Between them, the dredges traveled more than 8 mi, extracting $10 to 12 million worth of gold. Still, it cost more to run than the gold could pay for. The last dredge closed in 1954, more than $100,000 (~$ in ) in debt. In its lifetime this dredge made $4.5 million at $35 per troy ounce. That is 128,570 troy ounces which, at the recent value of $1,990.00 per ounce, would be worth $255,854,300.</p><br>
<p>The Oregon Parks and Recreation Department has preserved this historic area as the Sumpter Valley Dredge State Heritage Area. The park includes the Gold Dredge Gift Store and Museum, with a video featuring interviews with dredge workers, historic photos and artifacts. Tours of the dredge are provided. The dredge was part of a paranormal investigation on the 2013 television series Ghost Mine.</p><br>
<p>Gardiner is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Douglas County, Oregon, United States, across the Umpqua River from Reedsport. It is located on USA Route 101. As of the 2010 census, it had a population of 248.</p><br>
<p>Gardiner is named for a Boston merchant whose ship, the Bostonian, shipwrecked at the mouth of the Umpqua on October 1, 1850. Gardiner was seeking to trade along the river, and most of his goods were saved from the ship and moved to the location that came to be the town of Gardiner. In 1851, the site became the headquarters of the Umpqua customs district, and a post office named "Gardiners City" was established the same year. The name of the post office changed to "Gardiner City" and eventually to its current name.</p><br>
<p>The Gardiner Historic District, which encompasses nearly all of Gardiner, has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1994. Several steamboats were constructed at Gardiner for trade up the Umpqua River.</p><br>
<p>A plywood plant opened in Gardiner in 1954, joining the lumber mill (or sawmill) that had been in the town for many years.</p><br>
<p>Gardiner was formerly the site of the first International Paper mill on the West Coast. The paper mill operated from 1963 until 1999, and was one of the largest employers on the southern Oregon Coast. The mill buildings were demolished in 2006.</p><br>
<p>A railroad, the Longview, Portland & Northern (LP&N), served the IP mill until it closed. The railroad runs from East Gardiner Junction to the old plant site.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>This region experiences warm (but not hot) and dry summers, with no average monthly temperatures above 71.6 &deg;F. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Gardiner has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate, abbreviated "Csb" on climate maps.</p><br>
<h2>Notable people</h2><br>
<p>Kathryn Clarke, politician</p><br>
<p>Alan L. Hart</p><br>
<p>Bill Warren, film historian</p><br>
<p>The Sumner Elementary School in Topeka, Kansas was involved in the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka case in 1954. Linda Browns attempted enrollment to the Sumner School was rejected by the Topeka Board of Education, thus forcing her to attend the all-black Monroe School, which was farther away from her home. Oliver Brown, Lindas father, then joined the class action lawsuit against the Topeka Board of Education that was eventually heard before the Supreme Court.</p><br>
<p>The Sumner Elementary School is currently a National Historic Landmark listed with the United States Department of the Interior. It was constructed in 1936 as a part of the Federal Emergency Administration of Public Works, a New Deal program. The school was designed in the Art Deco style by Thomas W. Williamson, and has an unusual amount of stone detailing. Because of the quality of the original construction, it retains many of its original features, including light and bathroom fixtures, clocks, carved woodwork and a marble-rimmed fireplace in the kindergarten.</p><br>
<p>Monroe Elementary School, the school that Linda Brown had been attending, closed in 1975 and was held privately for a number of years before being purchased in 1991 by The Trust for Public Land and added to Sumner&#39;s listing on the National Register. Because Sumner was still in use at the time for classes and Monroe was not, Monroe was selected on October 26, 1992 to house the Brown v. Board of Education National Historic Site, the official commemorative location operated for the public by the National Park Service.</p><br>
<p>The school closed in 1996. It was one of eight schools closed as part of a local desegregation plan to satisfy the original Brown case which was re-opened in the 1980s and not closed until 1999. The building was initially purchased by the Topeka & Shawnee County Public Library, which used it as a storage facility. The City of Topeka purchased the building from the library in 2002, hoping to rehabilitate it, but city was unable to allocate the necessary funds. The city then tried to sell the property, but found no buyers; it even considered demolishing the building, which had fallen into serious neglect and had suffered vandalism. As a consequence, in May 2008, The National Trust for Historic Preservation listed the building on their list of America&#39;s Most Endangered Places.</p><br>
<p>The city chose to auction the building to the public in January 2009. Hearing of the sale and recognizing the significance to the Civil Rights Movement, Bishop W. R. Portee, Pastor of Southside Christian Palace Church based in Los Angeles, purchased the building using the umbrella organization True Foundation World Outreach Ministries in April 2009 for $89,000. The organization plans to renovate the building and open it to the public as a community center and human rights memorial. The estimated renovation costs are $7 million.</p><br>
<p>Canfield Casino and Congress Park is a 17 acre site in Saratoga Springs, New York, United States. It was formerly the site of the Congress Hotel , a large resort hotel, and the Congress Spring Bottling Plant, as well as Canfield Casino, which together brought Saratoga Springs international fame as a health spa and gambling site. At the peak of its popularity it was a place where the wealthy, major gamblers and stars of the entertainment world mingled. The park&#39;s artwork includes a statue by Daniel Chester French and landscape design by Frederick Law Olmsted, among others.</p><br>
<p>The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) as the Casino-Congress Park-Circular Street Historic District in 1972, and was then declared a National Historic Landmark in 1987. The later listing excluded some of the property outside the park and halved the overall size of the district.</p><br>
<p>Congress Park is a City of Saratoga Springs park, bounded by Broadway, Spring Street, and Circular Street. The Canfield Casino buildings, built in 1870, 1871 and 1902–03, house the Saratoga Springs History Museum, an art gallery and spaces which host public and private events. Gambling was ended by reformers in 1907.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The district boundaries are curved and irregular, generally following those of the park itself. It is bordered by Spring Street on the north and Circular Street down to its intersection with Park Place. It follows the 300 ft elevation contour line on the west, excluding some of the buildings on Broadway southwest of the park, and then joins Broadway south of Union Avenue, back to its northwest corner at Spring Street.</p><br>
<p>The original historic district included some houses on Circular and Spring Streets and Whitney Place. Their removal from it made the district about 16 acre smaller</p><br>
<p>A short, narrow street, named East Congress Street &ndash; because it extends Congress Street from Broadway &ndash; runs across the park from east to west. Stone walls set off the park from the nearby street. The section north of the road is dominated by the casino and the parkland around it, the section to the south is primarily hilly parkland.</p><br>
<p>The park is a buffer between the developed commercial areas at the south end of downtown Saratoga Springs, and the residential neighborhoods on the east and west. Many of the surrounding areas are also included in the city&#39;s other historic districts. The Broadway Historic District is just to the north, with the East and West Side districts on either side. Union Avenue is also a historic district out to the racetrack.</p><br>
<h2>Property</h2><br>
<p>The two major historical resources on the property are the casino and the park. The former are the only surviving buildings from the resort era; the latter has many notable art objects in addition to its landscaping.</p><br>
<h3>Casino</h3><br>
<p>The casino&#39;s main building was built in 1870; its architect is unknown. It is a three-story building faced in brick on an exposed basement, topped by a flat roof, and bordered by an ornate bracketed cornice. On the south (front) facade the brick around the doorway and at the corners is laid to look like rusticated stone. A belt course divides the first two floors.</p><br>
<p>All three stories have sandstone window trim with a different treatment — segmented pediments on the first, triangular ones on the second and rectangular on the third. A free-standing segmental pediment distinguishes the roofline on the front center as well.</p><br>
<p>Inside the main building, the entrance opens onto a central hall with staircase. The office and library are on the west. To the east the original dining room opens onto the gambling room. Private gambling rooms were upstairs, and living quarters on the third floor.</p><br>
<p>The east wing, built in 1871, used for gambling when the casino was constructed, is a two-story, three-by-five-bay structure with front windows one and a half stories high. It has a similar window treatment to the first story of the main block, and a more elaborate cornice, also with central segmented pediment. The gambling room has many of its original interior details, including mirrors and statuettes.</p><br>
<p>To the north is the dining room and kitchen wing &ndash; built in 1902-1903 and designed by Clarence Luce &ndash; a 93 by steel frame brick structure. At either end are stained glass windows depicting horses in different historical periods. The dining room roof is of riveted arches supported on columns. Its barrel vaulting has octagonal coffers. The parquet flooring is original, and the early air conditioning system of wall vents and the open coffer windows still works.</p><br>
<p>From 1959 until into the first decade of the 21st century Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney and Marylou Whitney, and then after the formers death, Marylou hosted a racing season opening gala at the casino which was often over the top and known for Marylous grand entrances.</p><br>
<h3>Park</h3><br>
<p>The basin-shaped park contains Grecian pavilions around the various springs, Italian gardens, groves of trees and lawns. A Doric columned pavilion has been built over the site of the original Congress Spring, with water piped in from another spring. To its west is the Columbian Spring tapped by Gideon Putnam, the founder of Saratoga Springs, restored in 1983 and topped with a similarly Greek-inspired domed pavilion. The Congress 3 spring to the south was bottled and distributed worldwide in the 19th century, and the Freshwater Spring is still popular with city residents.</p><br>
<p>The water from the springs has been channeled into streams and fountains. One surrounds The Spirit of Life, a statue by Daniel Chester French memorializing Spencer Trask, a great benefactor of the Saratoga area who founded the Yaddo writers&#39; colony. It sits on the south side of the large lagoon in the park. Two vases, Night and Day, by Danish sculptor Bertel Thorvaldsen, are positioned on the lawn in front of the casino.</p><br>
<p>On the north side of the park, just inside the entrance off the intersection of Spring and Putnam streets, is a carousel which has roots extending back to Coney Island, where its 28 horses were carved in 1904 by Marcus Charles Illions, a Lithuanian-born woodcarver considered to be the "Master Carer" of the carousel world. The carousel was originally installed in Kaydeross Amusement Park on Saratoga Lake in 1910. In 1987 the park was being sold for development, with the carousel being intended to be sold at auction, however local volunteers raised the money to purchase it. After restoration, the carousel was opened to the public in 2002. It is one of only 6 carousels carved by Illions remaining in the world, and the only double-row carousel. It is open from the beginning of May through Columbus Day each year, and for special events. The carousel is in need of restoration, and a campaign has been started to raise the necessary funds.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Congress Spring was named in 1792 when it was visited by a group that included two members of the newly established USA Congress. A decade later, in 1803, an entrepreneur named Gideon Putnam bought the acre (2,000 m) around the spring and built a hotel for guests, the Congress Hotel or Congress Hall, in what was still a largely unsettled frontier. Two years later he bought the 130 acre around the original acre and laid out plans for the town of Saratoga Springs.</p><br>
<p>This led to two enlargements of the hotel. He died in 1812 while yet another was underway. The new town competed with nearby Ballston Spa and other spa towns in Pennsylvania and Virginia for visitors. It was at an early disadvantage since one of the first temperance societies in the country had been established in Saratoga Springs, and not only alcohol but gambling and dancing were at first forbidden in the town.</p><br>
<p>Those bans were gradually relaxed to attract more resort business, and by 1820 were effectively repealed. John Clarke, who had run the first soda fountain in New York City, moved to Saratoga a few years afterwards and bought the spring property. He began to bottle and sell Saratoga water, promoting the iodine he had discovered in the water as a curative. This success allowed him to improve the site and create the crescent-shaped lawn, as well as drain some of the swampy areas.</p><br>
<p>By the middle of the century the city and the hotel were one of the country&#39;s most popular resorts, due to its railroad access. It lost some business during the Civil War when its Southern clientele could not visit, but during that time former heavyweight boxing champion John Morrissey opened the Saratoga Race Course, giving the city another major tourist attraction. He also began the Saratoga Clubhouse, which would later become the Canfield Casino, after the war, in 1866.</p><br>
<p>In 1866, Morrissey was elected to Congress as a Democrat who was part of New York City&#39;s Tammany Hall political machine. He was well-connected, acquainted with tycoons of the era like Jay Gould, William R. Travers and Commodore Cornelius Vanderbilt, who were among his partners in the hotel and racetrack. They gave both a reputation for wealthy and fashionable guests that it continued to enjoy long afterwards. In 1876, Morrissey got Frederick Law Olmsted and Jacob Weidenmann to do some landscaping on the park.</p><br>
<p>After Morrissey&#39;s death in 1878, ownership passed to Albert Spencer and Charles Reed. In 1893, Richard Albert Canfield took a partnership in the Saratoga Clubhouse, and bought it outright in 1894 for $250,000.</p><br>
<p>^nventory Nomination Form Canfield invested an estimated $800,000 in enhancing the building and the grounds of Congress Park to bring them up to the standards of the top European establishments. In 1902-3, he added a sumptuous dining room to the back of the Clubhouse fitting it with stained glass windows and an early form of air conditioning. He ordered marble statuary for the Italian gardens in the northeast corner of Congress Park. The elegant atmosphere made the cream of society feel welcome to bet their money on the Clubhousess many games of chance. Canfield was recognized as the King of the Gamblers and Saratoga Springs was seen as the American Monte Carlo. Canfield kept the Clubhouse going until 1907. The clientele during this period included not only members of wealthy families like the Whitneys, Vanderbilts and J. P. Morgans, but gambling legends like Diamond Jim Brady and John Warne "Bet-a-Million" Gates, and prominent entertainers like Gate&#39;s girlfriend Lillian Russell and impresario Florenz Ziegfeld.</p><br>
<p>This socially distinctive era, regarded as the city&#39;s golden age, ended in 1907 when reformers succeeded in banning gambling in the city. Canfield retired and sold the hotel and grounds to the city four years later, in 1911. The Pure Food and Drug Act hurt sales of bottled Saratoga Water, and the year after buying from Canfield, the city bought the Congress Hall hotel and bottling plant and demolished them.</p><br>
<p>In 1912, the city bought Congress Spring Park and tore down the Congress Hotel and the Congress Spring Bottling Plant. Their sites would later host a public library &ndash; built in 1949 and expanded in 1967, now the headquarters of Saratoga Arts &ndash; and the Trask Memorial Fountain. The park and the grounds of the casino were combined into Congress Park in 1913. In 1914, Henry Bacon and Charles Leavitt were engaged to do further work on the park&#39;s landscaping.</p><br>
<p>Manitoga was the estate and modernist home of industrial designer Russel Wright  and his wife Mary Small Einstein Wright. It is located along New York State Route 9D south of Garrison, New York, a short distance north of the Bear Mountain Bridge.</p><br>
<p>Wright named his masterful synthesis of architecture and nature Manitoga after Algonquin words meaning "place of great spirit". Today, the home, studio and surrounding woodland garden, together known as Dragon Rock, uniquely convey Wright&#39;s enduring ideas about good design and living in harmony with nature.</p><br>
<p>The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996. In 2006 the Department of the Interior designated it a National Historic Landmark, the only one to date in Putnam County. Manitoga is a member of the National Trusts Historic Artists Homes and Studios program and a 2012 World Monuments Watch Site.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Wright and his wife Mary Small Einstein Wright acquired the property in 1942.</p><br>
<p>The 75 acre had been devastated by previous logging and quarrying, common in the Hudson Highlands in the early 20th century. The couple designed the property with sustainability in mind, a concept not widely applied at the time. In his reclamation efforts, Wright redirected a mountain stream and designed a 30 ft multi-level waterfall to transform an abandoned quarry pit into a swimming pond. In addition to trees, streams, boulders, moss and native plants, his woodland landscape design incorporated stone steps, terraces and bridges.</p><br>
<p>Following Mary&#39;s death in 1952, Wright built his experimental home and studio directly into the rock ledge of the quarry. In an effort to blend in with Nature, the structures have green roofs, built-in elements and expansive walls of glass, offering dramatic views of the waterfall and surrounding landscape.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>Manitoga includes 4 mi of walking trails that Wright designed, with numerous plantings. The trails connect with the Appalachian Trail alongside the neighboring ridge of Canada Hill in Hudson Highlands State Park via the Osborne Loop. The outer trails are open to the public daily until sunset.</p><br>
<p>Schuyler Flatts is an important prehistoric and historic settlement site overlooking the Hudson River in Colonie, New York. The site includes evidence of prehistoric Native American, early Dutch colonial settlement, and 18th and 19th-century American use. Because of this rich confluence of archaeological sites, the area was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1993. It is now owned by the town of Colonie, and is known as Schuyler Flatts Cultural Park.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Schuyler Flatts are a rich and fertile floodplain on the western bank of the Hudson River north of Albany, roughly bounded on the west by Broadway (New York State Route 32). Evidence from archaeological digs at the site includes prehistoric hearths and other Native American artifacts. When the Dutch settled New Netherland in the 17th century, this area was first part of the extensive Van Rensselaer land holdings, and was settled by the 1640s, around the same time that Fort Orange was established at present-day Albany. The farm was purchased in 1672 by the Schuyler family, and was occupied by Pieter Schuyler and his descendants into the early 20th century.</p><br>
<p>From Dutch colonial times, the history includes that of indentured servants and slaves of African descent. The site formerly included the Colonel Phillipus Schuyler House, which burned in 1962. Col. Phillipus Schuyler (b. 1696) was the son of Pieter Schuyler (1657–1724), 1st mayor of Albany and three time acting governor of the Province of New York. His wife, Margarita Schuyler, commonly known as Madame Schuyler, was an influential person within her family, with the British officers, and Native Americans. The Schuyler family occupied the land from 1692 until 1910.</p><br>
<p>This Schuyler property was cut through by the Erie Canal along its western edge and in the early 19th century the river road which passed in front of the house, to the east, was moved to a location just west of the canal, where it is today known as Broadway. The site became a National Historic Landmark in 1993. The Town of Colonie made the grounds into a park, dedicated in 2002. The park is the site of an annual Civil War Heritage Days encampment.</p><br>
<p>The Wyckoff-Bennett Homestead in Flatlands, Brooklyn, New York City, is a National Historic Landmark. It is believed to have been built before 1766. During the American Revolution it housed Hessian soldiers, two of whom, Captain Toepfer of the Ditfourth regiment and Lieut. M. Bach of the Hessen-Hanau Artillerie, scratched their names and units into windowpanes. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1976. It is part of the New York State Revolutionary War Heritage Trail.</p><br>
<p>It was owned and occupied by the Wyckoff Family from when it was built, by Hendrick H. Wyckoff, in approximately 1766, until 1835 when Cornelius W. Bennett purchased it and the approximately 100 acre farm. Four generations of the Bennett family lived in the home until the death of Gertrude Ryder Bennett Williams in 1982, after which her widower, Rev. Frank Curtis Williams, sold the home to Annette and Stuart Mont.</p><br>
<p>The property is one of the last privately owned Dutch Colonial farmhouses in New York City. In 1975 Gertrude Ryder Bennett Williams had sought to deed the property to the National Trust for Historic Preservation, but the government failed to complete the acquisition. The Monts also sought to have the house preserved and had reached a deal with the city in 1999 for $2 million, which included the Monts remaining on the property as caretakers, rent-free, and gave the city the right of first refusal for sale of any of the contents. However, after years of proceedings, including public meetings, the re-mapping of the property as parkland (it was to be a Parks Department acquisition), approval by the local Community Board (which lowered the value of the deal by requiring the $2 million purchase price to include the contents of the house), and inclusion of the earmarked funds in the 2003-2004 city budget, the deal never came to fruition. When the Department of Citywide Administrative Services (DCAS) had the paperwork drawn up the price was reconfigured at $1.3 million, with city deducting $600,000 for rent at $40 thousand a year for an estimated 15 years of remaining lifespan for the Monts. The Monts declined to accept the new terms. Following their deaths, their heirs put the home up for sale in 2020, initially seeking $3.25 million. In 2022 they ultimately accepted an offer of $2.4 million from "22nd Street Investors LLC", which shares an address with Avraham Dishi.</p><br>
<p>A plaque outside the homestead says:This Dutch-American farmhouse is a quiet reminder that the Battle of Brooklyn, one of the biggest conflicts of the Revolutionary War, took place when Kings County was still mostly farm country. The county boasted fewer than 4,000 inhabitants, one third of whom were slaves working on land owned by families descended from 17th-century Dutch immigrants. Hendrick Wyckoff built the house in 1766. The site he chose lay along Kings Highway, then the countys main east-west artery. After the British invasion in 1776, Hessian soldiers were quartered here. Several of them left their mark by etching their names and rank on window panes among them Toepfer Captain Regt. De Ditrurth and "M. Bach Lieutenant V. Hessen Hanau Artilleries". When the Battle of Brooklyn began on August 27, 1776, these men may well have taken part in the attack that drove American defenders from the Battle Pass, in what is now Prospect Park, and nearly destroyed the army under command of George Washington.</p><br>
<p>On October 14, 2021,the entire property was sold for $2.4 million dollars to "22nd Street Investors" according to City records.</p><br>
<p>The Edwin Hubble House is a historic house in San Marino, California. Built in 1925, it was the home of astronomer Edwin Hubble  for most of his professional life. Hubble is renowned as one of the greatest astronomers of the 20th century, whose discoveries revolutionized the science. His home, still a private residence, was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1976.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Edwin Hubble House is located in a residential area of western San Marino, on the east side of Woodstock Road near its cul-de-sac end. It is a two-story Mission Revival house, designed by Los Angeles architect Joseph Kucera and completed in 1925. The house is not of architectural significance; it is similar to many homes built in the Los Angeles area at that time. It was the home of astronomer Edwin Hubble from 1925 until his death in 1953.</p><br>
<p>Hubble is one of the major figures of 20th-century astronomy, today best known as the namesake of the Hubble Space Telescope. His discoveries made while working at the Observatories of the Carnegie Institution of Washington and the Mount Wilson Observatory revolutionized modern understanding of the cosmos, making it possible to determine with some accuracy the distance of remote objects. His discovery of increasing redshift in the light spectra emitted by distant objects is a major piece of evidence that the universe is expanding.</p><br>
<p>The Hubble House remained in the family until about 1973. It is still a private residence.</p><br>
<p>The Louisville and Nashville Depot is an historic Louisville and Nashville Railroad depot located at 206 Henry Street in Milton, Santa Rosa County, Florida. It was built in 1909 on the site of the former Pensacola and Atlantic depot built in 1882 which burned down in 1907. In 1973, the station was closed, but partially restored with a 1976 Bicentennial grant.</p><br>
<p>On October 29, 1982, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places. In 1989, the depot was listed in A Guide to Florida&#39;s Historic Architecture.</p><br>
<p>Today the building is owned by the Santa Rosa Historical Society.</p><br>
<h2>West Florida Railroad Museum</h2><br>
<p>The West Florida Railroad Museum opened in the depot in 1989, and contains a collection of preserved railroad cars and railroad memorabilia from the L & N Railroad, Frisco Railroad and other railroads. The type of railroad car displays include two dining cars, two former Pullman Company sleeper cars that were renovated into L&N baggage-dormitory cars, two caboose cars, a boxcar and a flatcar. The museum also features a bridge tender&#39;s house from the Escambia Bay trestle bridge, and a section shed with motor car.</p><br>
<p>The museum sponsors two model railroad clubs: the West Florida Model Railroad Club and the Emerald Coast Garden Railway Club.</p><br>
<p>Glassell Park Elementary School is an elementary school listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is located at 2211 W. Avenue 30, in the Glassell Park neighborhood of Los Angeles, California. It is a PK-6 active school. The principal is Ms. Claudia Pelayo. It is a part of the Los Angeles Unified School District .</p><br>
<p>It was built in 1924 in Spanish Colonial Revival style. Following the 1933 Long Beach earthquake it was updated in P.W.A. Moderne architecture to make repairs and to meet new earthquake-related building codes. Elementary schools in Los Angeles were a part of the Los Angeles City School District until July 1, 1961, when it merged into LAUSD.</p><br>
<p>The school&#39;s main presentation to the public is its long, south-facing facade along W. Avenue 30 of length 190 ft. Its 100 ft building frontage on Carlyle Street is less visible.</p><br>
<p>The property was deemed notable partly in the area of social history.</p><br>
<p>Only the 1924/35 school building and its portion of grounds were deemed to be contributing resources. Modular classrooms, playground areas, and a 1951-built cafeteria were considered intrusions that do not add to the historic character of the property.</p><br>
<p>University Hall is the first and oldest building on the campus of Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island. Built in 1770, the building is one of only seven extant college buildings built prior to the American Revolution. According to architectural historian Bryant F. Tolles Jr., the structure is "one of the genuine icons of early American collegiate architecture."</p><br>
<p>The building occupies a central part of the university&#39;s front campus and is framed by the Van Wickle Gates.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Construction</h3><br>
<p>Built in 1770, University Hall was originally known as the College Edifice. The building was constructed on a piece of land that had belonged to the original Brown family ancestor and co-founder of Providence, Chad Brown (c. 1600–1650).</p><br>
<p>The first reference to the building was made on September 5, 1765, at the second meeting of the Corporation in Newport. Later meetings of the Corporation organized a building committee; among the committee&#39;s members were Stephen Hopkins and Joseph Brown. The plans were finalized on February 9, 1770, and on February 17 the building committee placed a notice in the Providence Gazette soliciting donations of timber and other materials. At the time of its construction until the construction of the First Baptist Church in 1775, University Hall was the largest building in Rhode Island.</p><br>
<p>Prominent Newport merchant and slave trader Aaron Lopez donated timber to the effort, while Nicholas Brown, Sr. and Company led the construction. The workforce involved in the construction of the building was diverse, reflecting the ethnic and social admixture of colonial Providence&#39;s population. Slaves, free people of color, indigenous people, and white laborers—both skilled and unskilled—worked to erect the structure.</p><br>
<p>Construction on the building began on March 26, 1770, and the roof of the structure was raised on October 13, 1770. Construction on the building resumed following the Revolutionary War, continuing into the 1790s.</p><br>
<p>Morgan Edwards, described the location as "Commanding a prospect of... an extensive country, variegated with hills and dales, woods, and plains," and was further inspired to write, "Surely, this spot was made for a seat for the Muses."</p><br>
<h3>American Revolution</h3><br>
<p>During the presidency of the Reverend Manning, the building was used to house French and other revolutionary troops led by General George Washington and the Comte de Rochambeau during the wait to commence the celebrated march of 1781 that led to the Siege of Yorktown and the Battle of the Chesapeake.</p><br>
<p>Following the departure of the French troops, President Manning petitioned the Rhode Island General Assembly as follows:</p><br>
<h3>19th Century</h3><br>
<p>The name of the building was changed from the College Edifice to University Hall in 1823 following the construction of Browns second building, Hope College. In 1834, following the construction of neighboring Manning Hall, the exterior of University Hall was coated with cement. At this time, the original wooden balustrade was removed from the roof. In 1843, the structure was again turned over to the military for use in suppressing the Dorr Rebellion. In 1883, a large renovation of the buildings interior was undertaken by Gould & Angell, including the introduction of steam hating and gas lighting.</p><br>
<h3>20th Century</h3><br>
<p>The building was further renovated in 1905 following a donation by Providence resident Marsden J. Perry. This effort involved the removal of the plaster that had been applied to the building&#39;s exterior in the 1830s (mirroring the adjacent Manning Hall) as well as the restoration of the belfry and windows.</p><br>
<p>On May 11, 1927, a tablet placed on University Hall was dedicated to the memory of General Nathanael Greene, who had received an honorary degree from Brown in 1776, by the First Light Infantry Regiment of Rhode Island.</p><br>
<p>Renovations took place once again in 1939. Led by Perry, Shaw & Hepburn, this renovation saw the replacement of the buildings foundation and the restoration of the buildings chimneys and cupola. At the rededication of University Hall on May 4, 1940, French ambassador Comte René Doynel de Saint-Quentin and Princeton president Harold W. Dodds took part in the ceremonies recalling the university&#39;s early associations with France and Princeton.</p><br>
<p>The building has been used for many different purposes at the university over the years. It currently houses the office for the president of Brown on the first floor, facing the middle campus in space first occupied by the Commons, along with other administrative offices.</p><br>
<p>The building was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1962, recognizing it as an excellent example of 18th-century academic architecture, and as key place in the life of educator Horace Mann (1796–1859), who graduated from Brown in 1819 and taught there until 1821, before embarking on a career of educational reform.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>University Hall is a four-story, seventeen bay structure. The buildings largely rectangular form measures approximately 150 long and 46 feet wide. The central three bays of the building project an additional ten feet forward, forming pedimented pavilions measuring 33 feet across. The structures hipped roof is decorated with an ornamental balustrade and features a central cupola.</p><br>
<p>Designed in the late Georgian style, the building is constructed of red brick and decorated with white-painted, wood trim. The facade of the structure is relatively unornamented with the exception of plain brick belt courses which mark the buildings stories. Brick segmental arches frame the structures evenly spaced, double sash windows. T</p><br>
<p>Compared to coeval academic buildings, University Hall is of modest and utilitarian character. Speaking of the building&#39;s design, architectural historian Henry-Russell Hitchcock wrote "academic design could hardly be further reduced to its essentials of solid mass, sound proportions and regular rhythm." The building is notable for its projecting pediment bays on the west and east side, which was influenced by Renaissance ideas of buildings with clear focal points and vistas.</p><br>
<h3>Architect</h3><br>
<p>There is some ambiguity surrounding the architect of University Hall. Historical sources have attributed the structure to a variety of architects, including Joseph Brown, Robert Smith, and Joseph Horatio Anderson.</p><br>
<p>Architectural historian Bryant F. Tolles Jr. notes that Philadelphia architect Robert Smith may have visited Providence during the building&#39;s planning and contributed to its design.</p><br>
<p>In a letter dated March 14, 1770, architect Joseph Horatio Anderson offered his services to the new college. The correspondence, however, was received only after construction on the building had begun.</p><br>
<p>Nassau Hall, built 14 years prior at the College of New Jersey, is often cited as the model for the building. James Manning, Browns first president and active member of the building process, was educated at Princeton and may have suggested that Browns first building resemble that of his alma mater.</p><br>
<p>Center for the Arts Eagle Rock, formerly known as the Eagle Rock Branch Library and the Eagle Rock Community Cultural Center, is a historic Mission Revival and Spanish Colonial Revival style building in Eagle Rock, in north-central Los Angeles County, California.</p><br>
<h2>Library</h2><br>
<p>The building was built in 1915 as a Carnegie library, named the Eagle Rock Carnegie Library. The city of Eagle Rock was annexed to Los Angeles in 1923. The library was rebuilt in 1927, and became the Eagle Rock Branch Library in the Los Angeles Public Library system. The library was closed in 1981 when a larger, accessible facility opened.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1997 the Cultural Affairs Department established The Eagle Rock Community Cultural Center (ERCCC) to provide cultural events to the community. The Eagle Rock Community Cultural Association soon began doing business as Center for the Arts Eagle Rock (CFAER), located at the corner of Colorado Boulevard and Rockland, one block west of Eagle Rock Boulevard, in the Eagle Rock district of Los Angeles.</p><br>
<p>The building was declared a Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument on 6/18/1985. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.</p><br>
<p>The Harner Homestead , is a historic home outside Morgantown, Monongalia County, West Virginia.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>Located at 1818 Listravia, in the Sabraton area, east of Morgantown, it served as the home of Philip William Harner, blacksmith and farmer. In 1983, Nancy Moore and Deloras Fleming, two women from the History Department of West Virginia University compiled information and submitted documentation to place the Old Harner Homestead on the National Register of Historic Places. The form gives highly detailed information about the exterior and interior of the home, i.e. the woodwork, porches, cabinets, and chimneys.</p><br>
<p>The main section of the building was built about 1852 and is one of the oldest houses in the Morgantown area. Architecturally, it is an excellent example of an I-house with an ell in the back. The two story front porch is a common feature in the I-house. It is not known when the ell was added, but it is believed that it was built by Phillip William Harner as he had a large family of nine children who are listed on various census reports.</p><br>
<p>According to the Monongalia County tax records, there is some indication that there was a smaller house on the land when Philip Harner bought it in 1850. Following the trail of early tax records the land was called the Costolo Place; a Samuel Costolo had owned it in 1839 then sold it to James Johnson who sold it to Caleb Dorsey. Dorsey sold it to Harner in 1859. The Harners farmed the land. Much of the Harner property was divided among his sons before his death, but provisions for his wife and the house is mentioned in his will.</p><br>
<p>Philip Harner was taxed for a building assessed for $200 in the tax year 1851. The following year, a notation on the tax record states that $2000 was added for the buildings. The farm consistently appeared on the tax records as being located two miles (3 km) east of the courthouse. Many other Harner names appear on the deeds and old maps for this part of the county.</p><br>
<p>Philip and Sarah Harner sold the house and 111 7/8 acres on August 14, 1888, to their son, William T.(Taylor)Harner for $3356.25. The deed includes personal considerations for the elder Harners until their deaths: the use of five rooms, the garden and two cows. William and Nancy Harner sold approximately 100 acre to George Sturgiss for $20,000 on July 10, 1902. Harner asked that he and his family be able to live in the house until November, 1902, presumably until the house he was building next door was finished. William kept 1 acre directly adjacent to the family house and shortly after 1902 built several houses. The house was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on January 12, 1984.</p><br>
<p>West Laurel Hill Cemetery is a historic rural cemetery located in Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania. It was founded in 1869, is 200 acre in size, and contains the burials of many notable people. It is affiliated with Laurel Hill Cemetery in nearby Philadelphia. The cemetery property is an accredited arboretum and has an on-site funeral home and crematorium. The cemetery contains two Jewish burial sections and an environmentally friendly burial section. The cemetery was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The cemetery is laid out with panoramic views of the Schuylkill River and thousands of planted trees. The cemetery is an accredited arboretum with over 150 species of trees and is a member of American Public Gardens Association. It contains monuments and mausoleums of varying architectural design including Egyptian, Gothic and Greek. The earliest sections of the cemetery were influenced by the "landscape lawn" design implemented by Adolph Strauch at Spring Grove Cemetery in Cincinnati, Ohio.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery opened a designated Jewish section called Chesed Shel Emet in 2011. A second Jewish section, Makom Shalom, opened in 2022. The cemetery and funeral home offers services consistent with Jewish burial and mourning traditions.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery contains the Nature&#39;s Sanctuary which is a natural burial section that only allows biodegradable caskets, shrouds and urns. All the graves are dug by hand and the section is landscaped with local grasses, trees and shrubbery.</p><br>
<p>West Laurel Hill was the first cemetery to map its grounds on a smart phone device, enabling visitors to search and navigate to grave locations, and access photos, video, text and other information.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Laurel Hill Cemetery, in the East Falls neighborhood of Philadelphia, was founded in 1836 and was the preferred burial ground of Philadelphia&#39;s rich and famous. By the mid-19th century, the creation of Fairmount Park and the encroaching city began to limit the expansion of Laurel Hill Cemetery. In 1869, John Jay Smith, the founder of Laurel Hill Cemetery, purchased 200 acre from three farms in Bala Cynwyd for the creation of West Laurel Hill Cemetery. The first burial occurred in 1870.</p><br>
<p>In the early days of the cemetery, transportation was difficult and burials were an all day affair. Funeral processions would arrive by steamboat on the Schuylkill River from Philadelphia and the caskets would be transported by carriage up the steep bluffs to the cemetery. Eventually, the Reading Railroad implemented rail service and funeral entourages would arrive at the Pencoyd Station.</p><br>
<p>In 1886, a Gothic Revival bell tower designed by the architectural firm Cope and Stewardson was built at the highest elevation of the cemetery.</p><br>
<p>In 1992, the cemetery was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>In 1994, West Laurel Hill purchased Bringhurst Funeral Home and a new funeral home was built on the property in 1997. The on-cemetery funeral home was renamed West Laurel Hill Funeral Home in 2016 and to Laurel Hill Funeral Home in 2022.</p><br>
<h2>Notable burials</h2><br>
<p>Bluff Hall is a historic residence in Demopolis, Alabama, United States. The original portion of the house is in the Federal style with later additions that altered it to the Greek Revival style. It was documented as part of the Historic American Buildings Survey in 1936, and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1970.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was built in 1832 by Allen Glover for his daughter, Sarah Serena Glover, and her husband, Francis Strother Lyon. The house was built by slaves. The Lyons used Bluff Hall as a townhouse; they also owned several outlying plantations. Bluff Hall was one of several homes built atop a limestone cliff overlooking the Tombigbee River, known as White Bluff, on land that Francis Lyon had purchased a few years earlier from the town commissioners of Demopolis.</p><br>
<p>The house was altered in the 1840s with the addition of the two-story front portico and a large rear wing. The new rear wing contained the dining room and kitchen at ground level and two bedrooms on the second floor. This new construction also added the other Greek Revival details.</p><br>
<p>The house remained in the Lyon family until 30 October 1907 when it was sold to A. R. Smith. The Smith family maintained it as a residence into the 1940s, though the upper floors were converted to apartments. The house was sold again in 1948 and continued as apartments. The Marengo County Historical Society purchased the house on 22 March 1967 in order to restore and convert it to a historic house museum.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The house is a two-story brick structure, with portions covered by smooth stucco. The front portico features six two-story square columns, constructed in brick with a stucco finish. These columns are very similar to nearby Lyon Hall. The balcony under the portico spans the width of the entrance doors and is supported by wrought iron brackets. The double parlor in the interior features two columns that were an anniversary gift to the Lyons from the Whitfield family. The Whitfields lived nearby at Gaineswood.</p><br>
<p>The Church of Notre Dame is a parish of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York. The church is located at 40 Morningside Drive and the rectory at 405 West 114th Street in Morningside Heights, Manhattan, New York City. In 2022, the parish merged with nearby Corpus Christi Church.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Fathers of Mercy, a French community of priests, established the Church of Notre Dame in 1910 as a mission of the St. Vincent de Paul Parish on West 23rd Street. The church had been established after Geraldyn Redmond donated funds to the Fathers of Mercy, requesting they build a chapel to propagate devotion to Our Lady of Lourdes. The first administrator of the parish was the Rev. Maurice Reynauld, S.P.M., who died in France during World War I. While in France in 1913, he affiliated Notre Dame Church with the Sanctuary of Our Lady in Lourdes, thus enabling worshipers at the Church of Notre Dame in New York City to obtain the spiritual benefits of worshipers at Lourdes. From the beginning of the parish, a special arrangement was made with the ecclesiastical authorities in Lourdes that water from the miraculous spring there would be sent directly to the Church of Notre Dame. Since that time Lourdes water has been continuously available at the church.</p><br>
<p>The sanctuary completed in 1910 was the work of Daus and Otto. Cross & Cross designed the nave, facade, and rectory completed in 1914. A planned dome was never completed. The expansion continued intermittently until completed 50 years later.</p><br>
<p>The chapel was officially dedicated on October 2, 1910, by Archbishop John Farley. Cardinal Farley dedicated the enlarged structure on February 11, 1915, the Feast of Our Lady of Lourdes.</p><br>
<p>Notre Dame became an independent parish in 1919 and grew from a small chapel to the present church in the late 1920s and early 1930s. It was still a center for New York&#39;s French community when Cardinal Charost of Rennes visited the church in June 1926 and when Bishop Alfred Baudrillart of the Institut Catholique de Paris presided at a ceremony in April 1927.</p><br>
<p>In 1936, an organization of lay parishioners, the Notre Dame Study Club, was the first group of its type to call upon every Catholic parish to support the Catholic Church in efforts to provide for social justice for black people.</p><br>
<p>In 1960, charge of Notre Dame was transferred from the Fathers of Mercy to the Archdiocese of New York.</p><br>
<p>In January 1967, the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated the Church and the Rectory of Notre Dame as official city landmarks. The buildings were listed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 6, 1980.</p><br>
<p>In 1988, some parishioners sued under canon law to prevent the remodeling of the sanctuary, specifically relocating the altar in accordance with liturgical reforms established by Second Vatican Council.</p><br>
<h2>Notre Dame today</h2><br>
<p>Over the years, the French community was integrated with other ethnic groups. Calling Notre Dame home are many people of Irish, German, Italian, Black, Hispanic and Filipino descent. Today Notre Dame is still just as ethnically diverse as its neighborhood.</p><br>
<p>In 2003, the Archdiocese of New York entrusted the Polish Province of the Dominican Order with the responsibility of taking care of Notre Dame Parish and all its ministries. Control returned to the archdiocese in the fall of 2011.</p><br>
<p>Catholic Campus Ministry at Columbia University became a part of the parish mission of Notre Dame in 1988. Notre Dames community includes ministry at St. Lukes Hospital and the nearby Amsterdam Nursing Home, part of NewYork-Presbyterian Healthcare System.</p><br>
<p>The Church is also home to Columbia&#39;s Thomas Merton Institute for Catholic Life, which opened in 2023.</p><br>
<p>The San Jacinto Battleground State Historic Site includes the location of the Battle of San Jacinto. It is located off the Houston Ship Channel in unincorporated Harris County, Texas near the city of Houston. The site was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1960.</p><br>
<p>A prominent feature of the park is the San Jacinto Monument. Visitors can take an elevator to the monument&#39;s observation deck for a view of Houston, the Houston Ship Channel, and the San Jacinto battlefield.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The beginnings of the San Jacinto Battleground State Historic site trace to the early 1880s, when the State of Texas purchased ten acres along Buffalo Bayou in preparation for the fiftieth anniversary of the Texas Revolution. The Daughters of the Republic of Texas (DRT) pressured the Texas Legislature for more appropriations for San Jacinto. In 1897, Texas State Senator Waller Thomas Burns of Houston helped to pass legislation to fund $10,000 to establish a public park. The money was used to purchase an additional 336 acres of land at San Jacinto. The state appropriated another $25,000 in 1907 for improvements at the battleground and officially named it San Jacinto State Park, the first official state park in Texas. A governor appointed local commission managed the park and reported to the State Board of Control. More state-assisted improvements came to the park in preparation for the 1928 Democratic National Convention in Houston. A grant from the USA Fish and Wildlife Services Coastal Impact Assistance Program will be funding a $2.6 million construction project for improvements to the sites seawall, with an anticipated finish date of December 31, 2016.</p><br>
<h2>San Jacinto Museum</h2><br>
<p>The San Jacinto Museum is located inside the base of the San Jacinto Monument. In addition to the Battle of San Jacinto, the museum&#39;s exhibits focus on the history of Texan culture, including Mayan, Spanish and Mexican influences, the history of the Texas Revolution and the Republic of Texas, and important figures in Texas history.</p><br>
<p>The 160-seat Jesse H. Jones Theatre for Texas Studies presents a 35-minute movie titled Texas Forever!! The Battle of San Jacinto.</p><br>
<h2>Battleship Texas</h2><br>
<p>On 17 April 1947, the BattleshipTexas Commission was established by the Texas Legislature to care for the ship. The $225,000 necessary to pay for towing her from Baltimore to San Jacinto was the Commission&#39;s first task. On 17 March 1948, Texas began her journey to her new anchorage along the busy Houston Ship Channel near the San Jacinto Monument, at San Jacinto State Park, arriving on 20 April, where she was turned over to the State of Texas the next day to serve as a permanent memorial. The date of 21 April is significant in that it was the date of the decisive 1836 Battle of San Jacinto that ended the Texas Revolution and led to the creation of the Republic of Texas, which joined the US as a state in 1845. Texas was the first battleship memorial museum in the US. When the battleship was presented to the State of Texas, she was commissioned as the flagship of the Texas Navy. On 31 August 2022, Texas was towed from her berth at San Jacinto to Gulf Copper Dry Dock & Rig Repair in Galveston for extensive repairs. She is not expected to return to San Jacinto.</p><br>
<h2>Subsidence</h2><br>
<p>Underground water has led to severe land subsidence and erosion along the Bay Area shoreline, especially in the Baytown-Pasadena area. Since the beginning of the 20th century approximately 100 acre of the battleground have become submerged under the bay.</p><br>
<p>Sully Historic Site, is both a Virginia landmark and nationally registered historic place in Chantilly, Virginia.</p><br>
<p>The earliest recorded claim to the land was made by the Doeg. Later the Lee family of Virginia owned the land from 1725 to 1839. Richard Bland Lee did not build the main house until 1794. Following the purchase by William Swartwort in 1838, Sully was used as a home, a working farm, or both by a series of private owners. Then in 1958, Sully was acquired by the federal government as a part of the area to be used for the construction of Dulles Airport. Today the Fairfax County Park Authority operates the site with a specific focus on the Lee family.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Pre-Lee period</h3><br>
<p>The land that would become part of Sully was likely controlled by several groups before the Doeg claimed the area. English settlers encountered Algonquian language speaking members of the Doeg in modern-day Northern Virginia. The Doeg are most well known for their raid in July 1675 that became a part of Bacon&#39;s Rebellion. English colonists settling in modern Northern Virginia came into conflict with the Doeg from 1661 to 1664. When diplomatic attempts failed, the governor sent the Rappahannock County militia in June 1666. The specifics of that military action are unclear, but later land grants to English settlers are not disputed, suggesting the English gained control of the area. The English presumptively took control after a violent conflict with the Doeg in 1666. Little is recorded about the disposition of this land from the time when the English gained control of it until the land is patented by the Lee family of Virginia.</p><br>
<h3>Lee period</h3><br>
<p>Originally acquired in 1725 by Richard Bland Lees grandfather, Henry Lee I, Sully was inherited by Richards father Henry Lee II of "Leesylvania". At his death in 1787, the land was divided between Richard and his younger brother Theodorick Lee. Being the older of the two, Richard was given the more alluvial northern half, having resided there as manager of the property since approximately 1781. During this period the predominant crop grown was tobacco.</p><br>
<h4>Richard Bland Lee</h4><br>
<p>Richard severely curtailed tobacco production in favor of more sustainable crops, including wheat, corn, rye, and barley. This reduced the soil depletion inherent to tobacco production, and allowed for the practice of crop rotation. He also planted fruit orchards, including peach and apple trees, which he used to produce spirits. In 1801 Richard constructed a dairy, which ran primarily under the supervision of his wife Elizabeth Collins Lee.</p><br>
<p>After his election to the United States Congress in 1789, and for most of the next five years, Richard turned day-to-day management of his estate over to his brother Theodorick, who supervised spring planting and fall harvest. Theodorick also managed the collection of rent from tenant farmers and the construction of the large house Richard had planned for the estate, on which construction had begun in 1794. Before he left for Congress in 1789, Richard had chosen the name "Sully" for his estate.</p><br>
<p>By 1811, having been drawn into heavy debt trying to aid his brothers, Henry Lee III and Charles Lee, extricate themselves from severe financial difficulties, Richard Bland Lee decided he could no longer sustain ownership of Sully. Accordingly, he decided to sell the plantation to raise cash to pay some of the debt. He sold Sully for $18,000 to his second cousin, Francis Lightfoot Lee II, son of Richard Henry Lee.</p><br>
<h4>Francis Lightfoot Lee II</h4><br>
<p>For several years after his purchase of Sully, Francis Lightfoot Lee II, called F. L. by his family, was able to realize an annual profit of $1,500 to $2,500. At least part of that success was due to the "judicious system of husbandry" employed by F. L.&#39;s wife Jane Fitzgerald Lee. Then in 1816, due to complications during the delivery of their fifth child Frances Ann Lee, Jane Fitzgerald Lee died. Four years later in 1820, F. L. had either a nervous breakdown or stroke. Unable to care for himself, he was committed to the Pennsylvania Hospital in Philadelphia in 1825.</p><br>
<p>Following the breakdown, Sully was placed under the administrative care of F. L.s nephew Richard Henry Lee II. Richard Henry Lee IIs management was marked by negligence and apparent apathy towards the dishonesty of managers who were embezzling money from the estate:</p><br>
<p>… mismanagement, having allowed an estate clear of debt, well stocked, well arranged under a good system as it had been for years according to the universal belief and opinion of all friends, connections and neighbors to be wasted and the debts lost.... Colonel W.C.B. Butler replaced Richard Henry Lee as the Committee for the Estate on January 1, 1827, but Butler also proved unsatisfactory. On June 23, 1830 the county court ordered his removal and, for the safekeeping and good management&#39; of the estate...</p><br>
<p>Control of Sully was next placed in the hands of Colonel George Washington Hunter in 1830. Gamble claims, "in no hands... would Sully fare as well as when it had been assiduously maintained by a single, devoted, industrious proprietor."</p><br>
<p>After their fathers move to the Pennsylvania Hospital during the summer of 1825, F. L.s children (with the exception of Samuel Philips Lee who had entered the Navy), were under the care of William Brent, Jr. and Winifred Brent. The Brents were relatives who had moved to Sully to care for the Lee children and to start at Sully, a "select seminary" for boys and girls.</p><br>
<p>During subsequent years, as the Lee children grew older they began to leave Sully. Samuel Phillps Lee had entered the Navy, and John Lee went to West Point. Arthur Lee moved west to the Ohio country, while his oldest daughter Jane Elizabeth Lee married Henry Tazewell Harrison in a sunrise ceremony at Sully on February 6, 1834. With his brothers-in-law absent from the estate, Harrison took over representing their interests with the appointed administrator, Colonel Hunter, whom he replaced on July 18, 1836. Finally, in 1838, after a bizarre period, in which the estate had ostensibly been sold to a buyer who was arrested in England prior to completing the purchase, Sully was sold to merchant William Swartwort.</p><br>
<h3>Post-Lee period</h3><br>
<p>Starting in 1838 Sully was used as a home, working farm, or both by Swartwort, then Haight, Haight, Barlow, Shear, Shear, Miller, Poston, Thurston, then Nolting. The federal government acquired the property in 1958 to construct Dulles Airport. A campaign to save the site began almost immediately afterwards. Those involved included previous owners of the property, Lee descendants, and a neighbor, Eddie Wagstaff, who later endowed the Sully Foundation that still provides support for the site. This campaign ended in 1959 when President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed legislation making Sully a national historic site.</p><br>
<p>The Fairfax County Park Authority agreed to operate the site as a county historical park, and has since acquired an additional 60 acre to bring the total size of Sully Historic Site to approximately 120 acre. The site&#39;s historic period of significance encompasses the ownership of Richard Bland Lee and Francis Lighfoot Lee (1787–1838). Interpretation at the site reflects the ownership of its founder Richard Bland Lee, which explains the park authority decision to have Sully "completely furnished with antiquities from the Federal period."</p><br>
<h3>Chain of ownership</h3><br>
<h3>HABS Drawings</h3><br>
<p>1960 Historic American Buildings Survey Drawings</p><br>
<h2>Outbuildings</h2><br>
<h3>Kitchen / Laundry</h3><br>
<p>The kitchen / laundry building is divided in two by a large double fireplace. One fireplace faces the kitchen on the side nearest the main house, the other fireplace faces the laundry. Both fireplaces are served by the large chimney that comes through the center of the roof.</p><br>
<p>The kitchen building was built at the same time as the main house.</p><br>
<p>1960 Historic American Buildings Survey drawings of the Kitchen</p><br>
<h3>Stone Dairy</h3><br>
<p>Built by Richard Bland Lee around 1801 - 1802. The thick stone walls would have helped keep milk cool.</p><br>
<p>This building is notable for the unusual "galleted" or "garneted" masonry. The small stones pressed into the mortar joints is seldom seen in North America.</p><br>
<p>1960 Historic American Buildings Survey drawings of the Dairy,</p><br>
<p>identified as a "Patent House".</p><br>
<h3>Schoolhouse</h3><br>
<p>This log schoolhouse was originally from Antioch Farm, in Haymarket, Virginia. It was moved to Sully Historic Site in 1963, for preservation.</p><br>
<h3>Slave Cabin</h3><br>
<p>This replica of an enslaved worker&#39;s cabin was built in 2001. Location and construction details were based on historical records and archeological data.</p><br>
<p>The Hale Solar Laboratory is a historic astronomical observatory in Pasadena, Los Angeles County, California, United States. Built in 1923, it was the laboratory of astronomer George Ellery Hale , a pioneering figure in the development of the discipline of astrophysics in the United States. The building, a distinctive blend of Mission Revival and Spanish Colonial Revival styles, was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1989.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Hale Solar Laboratory is located in a residential area on private property south of the campus of the California Institute of Technology, on the east side of Holladay Road between Lombardy and Orlando Roads. It is set well back from the street, down a narrow tree-lined lane. It is a roughly T-shaped concrete structure, with a tile roof. The stem of the T consists of the telescope tower and Hale&#39;s library/office and living area, while the top portion of the T historically housed electrical and ventilation equipment. The main entrance is at the base of the tower, set in an arch above which is an incised bas-relief tribute to Akhenaten, the Egyptian pharaoh who worshipped the sun god Aten.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The observatory was designed by Reginald Davis Johnson (1882 - 1952), Gordon Kaufmann (1888–1949), and Roland Coate (1890-1958) and was completed in 1923. The site&#39;s landscape master plan and gardens were designed by Beatrix Farrand.</p><br>
<p>After retiring as director at the Mount Wilson Observatory, George Ellery Hale built the Hale Solar Laboratory as his office and workshop, pursuing his interest in the sun. The observatory was where Hale refined the spectrohelioscope, making it possible to perform detailed observations of the surface of the Sun. Hale&#39;s other wide-ranging contributions to the sciences include the founding of the International Astronomical Union, the Astrophysical Journal, and instrumental contributions to the founding of the California Institute of Technology.</p><br>
<h2>Landmark</h2><br>
<p>The Hale Solar Laboratory was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1989.</p><br>
<p>The Naomi Institute, also known as the Rock Bluff School, is located in the ghost town of Rock Bluff, Nebraska, three miles east of Murray. It was one of the earliest higher education institutions in Nebraska, founded in 1870 as a pioneer college. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Originally a two-story structure in Rock Bluff, Nebraska, today the one-story brick school is all that remains of a ghost town. Rock Bluff was a popular crossing on the Missouri River, and had a post office, a mayor, the county fair, a common lodge hall for Masons and Odd Fellows, and a variety of businesses including three stores, two blacksmith shops, two saloons and a billiard hall. There was a race track near the steamboat landing, and a coal mine south of town.</p><br>
<p>Joseph Diven Patterson secured a lot overlooking the Rock and Squaw creeks of the Missouri River bluffs in order to establish a school in 1870. He built a two-story building that was 25 feet by 50 feet in size for $3,500. On September 1, 1870 the Naomi Institute opened. Advertisements for the Institute reported that "the morals of the place are the very best there is, not a dramshop in the village, and the pupil will be free from the surroundings of vice that are usually found in larger and faster towns in the West." The Naomi Institute was regarded as one of the leading educational institutions in Nebraska, and was the first higher education institution in Cass County.</p><br>
<p>After opening successfully, the school&#39;s debt forced Patterson to sell the building in 1872. It later served as the Rock Bluffs School.</p><br>
<p>After a railroad bridge was built in Omaha in the 1870s the town of Rock Bluff lost its importance, which was only exacerbated when the closest railroad tracks were built ten miles west. The town was completely abandoned by the 1940s.</p><br>
<h2>Present</h2><br>
<p>Today the Rock Bluff School, purportedly the oldest schoolhouse in Cass County, is</p><br>
<p>owned by the Cass County Historical Society and is used as a museum that is open by appointment. In 2003 the Nebraska Humanities Council held some of the events for the Plattsmouth Chautauqua on the site.</p><br>
<p>The Lenox Library is the principal public library of Lenox, Massachusetts. It is managed by the non-profit Lenox Library Association, founded in 1856, and is located at 18 Main Street, in the former Berkshire County Courthouse that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Library History</h2><br>
<p>The library was incorporated in 1856 and in 1874 moved into its current home, the former Berkshire County courthouse which was constructed in 1815–1816. In 1973, the building was added to the National Register of Historic Places and is one of several such locations in Lenox. In the early 20th century, novelist Edith Wharton worked in the library and befriended Kate Spencer, who served as partial inspiration for her 1911 novel Ethan Frome.</p><br>
<p>The Lenox Library Association belongs to the C/W MARS library consortium, which allows patrons to request books and other materials from other libraries located across the state. The Lenox Library Association is also a member of the Massachusetts Library System which is a State-supported collaborative that provides leadership and services to foster cooperation, communication, and sharing among member libraries of all types.</p><br>
<p>In fiscal year 2008, the town of Lenox spent 1.56% ($241,452) of its budget on its public library—some $47 per person.</p><br>
<h2>Building architecture and history</h2><br>
<p>The Lenox Library building occupies a prominent site in downtown Lenox, on the east side of Main Street between Walker and Housatonic Streets. It is a -story masonry structure, built out of brick with stone and wooden trim. Its front facade is dominated by monumental two-story pillars and pilasters, which articulate the three bays. The main entrance is in the center bay, topped by a segmented-arch transom window. The building cornice is studded with modillion blocks, as is the gable supported by the pillars above the entrance. The hip roof is encircled by a lower balustrade, and is crowned by an open belfry and cupola. A substantially larger addition, made in 1889, extends to the rear of the building; it is also topped by a hip roof with cupola.</p><br>
<p>The main block was built in 1815–16 to a design by Isaac Damon of Northampton, and served as the Berkshire County Courthouse until 1869, when that function was moved to Pittsfield. Although the library moved into the building in 1874, it did not fully occupy the premises immediately. Additional tenants during the late 19th century included the offices of lawyers and politicians, and the town&#39;s first telephone exchange. The rear addition, known as Sedgwick Hall, was the scene of social events, lectures, and concerts.</p><br>
<h2>Notable library collections</h2><br>
<p>The Lenox Library houses a number of notable special collections, many of which have a connection to Lenox in some manner. These collections are housed in a variety of locations within Lenox Library.</p><br>
<p>One of these collections is the Tanglewood Papers, which include historical documents on the history of the Berkshire Symphonic Festival and the Berkshire Music Center before Tanglewood, as well as the founding of Tanglewood and the building of its music pavilion, “The Shed.” The Tanglewood Papers are from the estate of a well-known summer resident, Gertrude Robinson Smith, whose fundraising efforts resulted in construction of “The Shed.” The collection is currently housed in the Keator Vault. The Keator Vault contains local historic items, unique photographs, and functions as temperature controlled preservation archive for rare materials. The Special Collections Vault is sponsored by Mr. & Mrs. Matthew D.M. Keator Family in memory and honor of the Keator and Piretti Families. Very little of the collection has been digitized. A few items were sampled from the collection for the through Boston Public Library. They can be located there by searching for "Tanglewood". They are also located in the. The biggest users of the music collection at the Lenox Library are the Boston University Tanglewood Institute students. The second largest users of the collection are concertgoers want to preview a specific music selection before attending the concert.</p><br>
<p>Another notable collection is the Edwin Hale Lincoln Photography Collection. This collection, housed in the Keator Vault, "consists of 745 original glass plate and film negatives of the Berkshire estates, as well as a complete set of study prints. In addition, the Library has one of the few remaining sets of Wild Flowers of New England." Edwin Hale Lincoln, a Massachusetts native, joined the photography business in the late 1800s, shooting a variety of subjects, including Rhode Island yachts, estates in Lenox, flowers native to New England, and other flora.</p><br>
<p>The Elizabeth MacKinstry Collection, housed in the Legacy Room, is a collection "of illustrated children’s books of the 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries include items of British or continental origin." MacKinstry (1879-1956) was a female children&#39;s author and illustrator, and this collection includes books penned by MacKinstry herself, as well as books by some of her favourite authors (Randolph Caldecott, Walter Crane, and Claud Lovat Fraser). The Legacy Room has beautiful French doors and windows houses the Berkshire Author Collection and the MacKinstry Illustrator Collection. This space serves as a reading room for patrons or a meeting room for small groups. The Legacy Room is a gift of Legacy Bank (now Berkshire Bank).</p><br>
<h2>Roche Reading Park</h2><br>
<p>Next to the Lenox library is a park in the center of town named Roche Reading Park after William D. Roche, a long-time treasurer of the Lenox Library. This space has held events such as the Annual Rhubarb Festival and Terry a la Berry concerts. In the summer the Lenox Farmers Market takes place near the park typically between the end of May through September.</p><br>
<h2>Other information about the Lenox Library</h2><br>
<p>The library has public internet workstations, a children&#39;s reading room, a larger reading room titled the Sedgwick Reading Room as well as a multi-purpose gallery space named the Welles Galley for patrons to utilize.</p><br>
<p>The St. Ignatius Mission is a landmark Catholic mission located in St. Ignatius, Montana. It was founded in 1854 by Jesuit priests Pierre-Jean De Smet and Adrian Hoecken. The current mission church was built between 1891 and 1893, and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<p>The mission church serves the St. Ignatius parish within the Missoula Deanery of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Helena.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The mission church is a simplified, vernacular example of Gothic revival architecture constructed of bricks made from native clay. The most exceptional feature of the interior are the 58 murals painted by Brother Joseph Carignano, an untrained artist who worked as a cook in the mission. The murals include depictions of Christian imagery mixed with representations of the Salish belief system. The church is 120x60 ft in plan and its belfry is nearly 100 ft high.</p><br>
<p>The Dupee Estate, located at 400 Beacon Street in the village of Chestnut Hill, Newton, Massachusetts, was the last home of Mary Baker Eddy, the founder of Christian Science.</p><br>
<h2>Property description</h2><br>
<p>The property consists of an 8.3 acre tract of land with a combination gate and carriage house located near the entrance from Beacon Street and the main house located to its southeast. There are also two smaller out buildings located southwest of the carriage house.</p><br>
<h3>Main house</h3><br>
<p>The architecture of the main house, built in 1880–1881 to a design by Peabody and Stearns, has been described variously as "Ruskinian Gothic" or "Gothic, Stick/Eastlake." The estate was added to the National Register on September 4, 1986, as outbuilding 86001790.</p><br>
<p>The main house has three stories and a basement, 25 rooms, four chimneys and 17,180 ft&sup2; of space. The exterior walls are of puddingstone, granite and blue stone blocks, with brick window and door surrounds. The hip roof is black slate with red copper pans with multiple dormers and skylights. A major renovation of the mansion was undertaken in 1907–1908 to the designs of Chicago-based architect Solon Spencer Beman, in preparation for occupancy by Mary Baker Eddy and her executive staff and household helpers. The renovation transformed the massing and layout of the original mansion, introduced two elevators inside, and added a substantial new wing in the style of the original. (Beman had previously been the architect for Eddy on the design of the Extension of the Mother Church in Boston, as documented in Paul Eli Ivey&#39;s Prayers in Stone.)</p><br>
<h3>Outbuildings</h3><br>
<p>The gate-carriage house, built in 1892, has 6,575 ft&sup2; of space, while the garage has only 670 ft&sup2;.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Prior to Eddy</h3><br>
<p>The main house was built in 1880 by William Richardson Dupee, who was born August 10, 1841, in Brighton and died January 19, 1911, in Brookline. In 1895 the estate was sold by the Dupee family to R. Ashton Lawrence.</p><br>
<h3>Eddy years</h3><br>
<p>Mary Baker Eddy bought the estate from R. Ashton Lawrence in October 1907, but she did not move in until after the addition had been completed in 1908. She used the house not only as her home but also as the office from which she oversaw the management of the church she had founded. Eddy died at home on December 3, 1910, and was buried in Mount Auburn Cemetery.</p><br>
<h3>After Eddy</h3><br>
<p>The estate at 400 Beacon Street was bequeathed by Eddy to her church which, for decades, maintained it as she had left it. It was open to the public for many years until escalating costs as well as the need for major repairs and renovations led the church to close it to the public. In April 2006, the church announced it would sell the house as part of an overall plan to reduce its involvement in managing real estate and to instead focus on its "spiritual priorities".</p><br>
<p>In December 2006 Longyear Museum, an organization dedicated to "advancing the understanding of the life and work of Mary Baker Eddy" and which owns several houses associated with her, purchased her last home from the church for $13,301,027. The sale did not include the furnishings and artifacts that had been in the home since her death in 1910. These were removed by the church before closing. In March 2007, Longyear paid $156,000 to obtain some pieces of furniture, rugs, and five of the seven carriages from the estate. Longyear hopes to be able to buy more personal property from the church in the future.</p><br>
<p>Longyear is currently repairing and restoring the house, but does lead tours (arranged in advance) through the essentially empty house, using photographs to show how it looked when in use.</p><br>
<p>El Museo Latino is a museum featuring Latino and Hispanic art and history that is located at 4701 South 25th Street in South Omaha, Nebraska. Established in 1993, by Magdalena García, it is the first Latino art and history museum and cultural center in the Midwest.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>El Museo Latino was established by Magdalena Garcia, a Mexico City native who had moved to Omaha at the age of nine. After working in industry for some years, Garcia had changed her focus to art and museums. In 1988, she obtained a degree in fine arts from the University of Nebraska Omaha; in 1992, a master&#39;s degree in museum management from Syracuse University. She returned to Omaha and, in 1993, opened El Museo Latino in the Livestock Exchange Building.</p><br>
<p>In 1997, the museum moved to the former Polish Home, at 4701 S. 25th Street. The site had originally been occupied by the South Central School, built in 1887. In 1916, the school was essentially rebuilt, as a single-story U-shaped Romanesque Revival-style building. In 1930, following the school&#39;s closing, the building was acquired by the American Legion. The Legion found themselves unable to keep up with the mortgage payments, and in 1936 sold the building to the Polish Home, a social organization serving the large Polish immigrant community in South Omaha. As the Polish Home, the building housed a library and served as a venue for Polish-language classes and for events such as dances, wedding receptions, and political rallies. The Polish Home owned the building until 1998, when it was sold to El Museo Latino.</p><br>
<h2>About</h2><br>
<p>El Museo Latino features exhibits about Latino and Hispanic art and history. Educational programs for kindergarten through twelfth grade, post-secondary, and adult audiences at the museum include lectures, slide presentations, films, art classes, workshops, demonstrations, art history classes, gallery talks, guided visits, and dance classes. Additionally, El Museo Latino is a resource center for Latino studies in the Midwest. Museum highlights have included an exhibit from the Smithsonian Institution organized by actor Edward James Olmos</p><br>
<p>El Museo Latino organizes special events highlighting Cinco de Mayo, including an annual almuerzo, or brunch. Hispanic Heritage Month in September features a banquet. During the year, Family Day celebrations are also scheduled as well as special dance performances by the museum&#39;s dance company, "CHOMARI" Ballet Folklorico Mexicano, and by visiting artists. The museum also coordinates an annual celebration for El Día de Muertos, including a festival, special exhibits and cultural celebrations.</p><br>
<p>In 2015, the museum&#39;s building was listed in the National Register of Historic Places, under the name "Polish Home".</p><br>
<p>Fort Clark Trading Post State Historic Site was once the home to a Mandan and later an Arikara settlement. Over the course of its history it also had two factories . Today only archeological remains survive at the site located eight miles west of Washburn, North Dakota, United States.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1822, the Mandan tribe built a settlement with earth-covered lodges on the bluffs of the Missouri River. In 1830, a representative of the American Fur Company built Fort Clark Trading Post south of the village. The first steamboat to journey up the upper-Missouri River was the Yellowstone which arrived in 1832 carrying 1,500 gallons of goods and liquor. George Catlin visited in 1832, and Karl Bodmer and Prince Maximilian of Wied-Neuwied stayed the winter of 1833-1834. In 1837, the steamboat St. Peters docked at the village carrying passengers infected with smallpox, and sparking the 1837 Great Plains smallpox epidemic. As the disease swept through the village, it wiped out approximately ninety percent of the inhabitants. In 1838, the nearby Arikara tribe moved into the abandoned village. In 1850, another trading post was built by Charles Primeau. In 1851, a cholera outbreak occurred and then a smallpox outbreak in 1856. When an attack by the Dakota happened in 1861, the fort was permanently abandoned.</p><br>
<h2>Historic site</h2><br>
<p>Most of the site has been owned by the state since 1889. A total of 125 acre in two sections of the state historic site were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986 as Fort Clark Archeological District.</p><br>
<p>More than 2,200 features on the surface from the ruins of houses and graves still exist. Lodge depressions are also visible along with an unmarked cemetery with more than 800 graves. The site is operated by the North Dakota State Historical Society.</p><br>
<p>The Henry County Courthouse is a historic courthouse located in New Castle, Henry County, Indiana, US, on the land designated as court house square by the Henry County Commissioners. The Court House was built between 1865 and 1869 at a cost of $120,000. An annex was added in 1905 at a cost of $44,000.</p><br>
<p>When it was built the commissioners wanted a fireproof courthouse. They did not want to see the courthouse burn again as it had in 1865. Architect Isaac Hodgson provided them with what they wanted, but with a mansard roof and a 110-foot clock tower. The mansard roof was unusual for a midwestern public building in the 1860s. It became popular later, but the Henry County Court House was probably the earliest example of the style for public buildings in the midwest.</p><br>
<p>Henry County claims the distinction of being the Raintree County described in Ross Lockridge Jr.&#39;s book Raintree County in part because the Henry County Court House is pictured inside the front cover of the book and the book includes references to places in Henry County.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1981. It is located in the New Castle Commercial Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The Taylor-Zent House, also known as Hart Funeral Home, is a historic home located at 715 Jefferson Street in Huntington, Indiana, USA. The house is an excellent example of the Romanesque Revival style of architecture. It was built in 1896-98 for Enos T. Taylor, a self-made businessman and banker.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. It is located in the North Jefferson Street Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The Charles L. Shrewsbury House  is a historic house museum located at 301 West First Street in Madison, Indiana. Built in 1842 to a design by Francis Costigan, it was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1994 for its fine Classical Revival architecture. It is located in the Madison Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Charles Shrewsbury House, also known as the Shrewsbury–Windle House, is the 1848 Greek Revival home of Charles Shrewsbury, a salt-barge riverboat agent, flour manufacturer and pork merchant. Shrewsbury was also the mayor of Madison. The house was designed by Francis Costigan. The Shrewsbury house is a two-story brick building, with a symmetrical 3-bay facade and stone trim details. The building corners feature brick pilasters rising to stone capitals, supporting an entablature punctuated by small attic-level windows. The interior has twelve rooms, thirteen fireplaces and a fifty-three step spiral staircase. The floor to ceiling windows are thirteen feet tall. A man on horseback could easily step through the enormous front and rear doors, which are twelve feet in height.</p><br>
<p>Architectural historians have ranked the house&#39;s free-standing spiral staircase as the most impressive part of the interior. Built of pine stairs and cherry railings, the staircase ascends from the middle of the house, supporting its own weight. Aside from allowing access to the second floor, the staircase helps to cool the house: hot air from the first floor can rise through the stairwell and leave the house through the attic windows.</p><br>
<p>The Tower Hotel is a historic hotel building located on the northeast corner of Eleventh and Jackson Streets in downtown Anderson, Indiana, United States.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The name of the building is somewhat of a misnomer as the building never actually functioned as a hotel. If the hotel had opened it would have been part of the Pick-Wenzel chain. The hotel was to feature a complete bakery, a barber shop, a banquet hall, a business center, a large lobby and dining room. The depression struck, the building was up, but the interiors were not completed.</p><br>
<p>The building stood empty for many years, until the Gospel Trumpet bought the building and converted it into apartments.</p><br>
<p>A three-story auto hotel was built adjacent to the Tower Hotel. The auto hotel was a business concept that really never became popular, but in addition to offering parking, full maintenance service was offered for the automobile. The auto hotel was torn down in the 1990s.</p><br>
<p>In 1997, the Tower Hotel was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. which was listed on the National Register in 2006.</p><br>
<p>In late 2011, the owners of the Tower Hotel (then known as Tower Place) were forced to close when maintenance and operation costs became too much to bear. The building sat with its first two levels covered in plywood until February 2013, when it was announced the building would be sold via auction. Initial estimates had the building going for between $200,000 and $250,000. An open house was held the week before the auction to proved potential buyers with a chance to tour the building before bidding.</p><br>
<p>On February 20, 2013, The Tower Hotel was purchased by Russian-born business owner, Youri Frankine for $100,000. In his own words, "I like the property. I want to make it just like it was,”. As for the Towers interior, Mr Frankine said, “I want the apartments to be nice, something to reflect the historic outside look of the building." He hopes the project will revitalize Andersons downtown. That project was never completed by Frankine. The place was left in disrepair for the next owner Core Redevelopment to remodel and bring it to its always promised but never achieved glory. With $1.6 million restoration budget and help from City officials the new Tower of Anderson opened its doors to residents in the summer of 2019. Now its a luxury apartment building with 40 residential and 2 commercial spaces.</p><br>
<p>The Anderson Bank Building is a historic bank building located at Anderson, Indiana in the United States. It was built for the Anderson Banking Company in 1927. The bank building is located at 931 Meridan Street. The Anderson Banking Company began business on January 30, 1890. It was the only bank in Anderson to survive the Great Depression without closing. In 1985, the bank was acquired by Merchants National Corporation of Indianapolis. In 1991 Merchants National Corporation was acquired by National City Bank. National City Bank still operates a branch in the Anderson Bank Building.</p><br>
<p>The art deco details at the exterior street level and in the main banking lobby have been somewhat obliterated due to water damage. The buildings main architectural interest lies in the still existent art deco detailing in the buildings elevator lobby and upper floors.</p><br>
<p>The Central Avenue School is a historic school building in Anderson, Indiana, United States. It was built in 1891, and is a two-story, Romanesque Revival style brick and stone building on a raised basement. The building features two three-story towers. Attached to the original building is a Bungalow / American Craftsman style addition constructed in 1921. The building housed a school until 1974.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007.</p><br>
<p>The Gruenewald House is a historic home located at 626 Main Street in downtown Anderson, Madison County, Indiana. This three story Italianate / Second Empire style house was built in 1860. The house was the home of Martin Gruenewald, a local businessman. The home is decorated with turn of the century furnishings. The house was built in two parts. The back was built in 1860 with the front added in 1873 by Moses Cherry. Martin Gruenewald purchased the house shortly thereafter and resided there for 50 years. The Gruenewald House is operated as a house museum.</p><br>
<p>It was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1976. It is located in the Anderson Downtown Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The West Eighth Street Historic District is a national historic district located at Anderson, Madison County, Indiana. This District consists of homes, churches, parks, commercial and public buildings, that were constructed during the last decade of the nineteenth century and first decade of the twentieth century. There are approximately 200 structures in this District in styles that represent cottages of various styles, Queen Anne styles, Free Classic, Colonial Revival styles and a good collection of notable Italianate homes. Most of these homes were constructed during the gas boom in the late 1880s, and were the homes to Anderson&#39;s business, civic and governmental leaders.</p><br>
<p>It was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<p>The Fall Creek Meeting House is a historic Quaker meeting house located approximately 3 mi east of Pendleton, Indiana, United States, on State Road 38 in Fall Creek Township, Madison County, Indiana.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1834, Enos Adamson deeded 3 acre east of Pendleton to the Society of Friends. Adamson was paid $15 for the land. In 1836 the congregation built a log house for worship on the ground. In 1857, a frame meeting house was constructed at a cost of $800. The meeting house is representative of the rural meeting houses of the period. The building is still maintained and a pioneer cemetery adjoins the meeting house.</p><br>
<p>It was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.</p><br>
<p>West Central Historic District is a national historic district located at Anderson, Madison County, Indiana. Structures were constructed from the late 19th century to well into the first half of the 20th century. This long span of history was responsible for the great variety of styles found throughout the District. There are approximately 200 structures within this District which represent Italianate, Bungalow, Dutch Colonial, American Foursquare, and Shingle Styles.</p><br>
<p>It was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<p>The Columbia Canal is the surviving canal of a series of canals built by the State of South Carolina in 1824 using the labor of indentured Irishmen to provide direct water routes between the upstate settlements and the towns on the Fall Line. It is on the Congaree and Broad rivers in Columbia, South Carolina. It is the focal point of the Riverfront Park in Columbia. The canal is now used to generate hydroelectric power by the South Carolina Electric & Gas Co.</p><br>
<p>The Columbia Canal is on the National Register of Historic Places, No. 79002392. The South Carolina Department of Archives and History has additional pictures and information, and copies of the nomination forms.</p><br>
<p>There are additional pictures, and information available from the Historic American Engineering Record at the Library of Congress.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>1824 Canal</h3><br>
<p>In 1820, construction started on a canal to navigate the rapids where the Broad River and the Saluda River form the Congaree River. It used a natural ravine that was between the City of Columbia and the Congaree and Broad Rivers. The canal started between Lumber (currently Calhoun) and Richland Streets. It ran along the Congaree for about 3.1 mi (5 km). It ended across from Granby Landing just north of the current railroad bridges across the Congaree. The canal was completed in 1824. It was 12 ft (3.7 m) wide and 2.5 ft (0.8 m) deep north of Senate St. South of Senate St., the canal was 18 ft (5.5 m) wide and 4 ft (1.2 m) deep. It had an 8 ft (2.4 m) wide towpath on either side. The canal had four lifting locks and one guard lock for the 34 ft (10 m) descent of the river. A diversion dam was built across the Broad River to allow access from the Saluda Canal. There were three waste weirs to prevent flooding of the canal.</p><br>
<p>A separate canal, which was called Bull Sluice, was constructed north of Columbia Canal on the Broad River, This ½ mi (0.8 km) long canal had one lock. The 1891 canal extended the Columbia Canal upstream of Bull Sluice.</p><br>
<p>In 1840, the State of South Carolina dropped its subsidy of the canal. In 1842, the railroads came to Columbia and the traffic on the canal decreased. During the Civil War, the hydraulic power of the canal was used to make gunpowder. Mills that used the canal for power were a grist mill run by the State Penitentiary, another grist mill, and a saw mill.</p><br>
<p>Portions of the 1824 canal south of Gervais St. survive today. Also parts of the Bull Sluice canal remain.</p><br>
<h3>1891 Canal</h3><br>
<p>In 1888, the canal was redesigned as an industrial power source. The revised design started at Gervais St. and extended about 3½ mi(5.6 km) north along the Congaree and Broad Rivers. It was about 150 ft (46 m) wide and 10 ft (3 m) deep. It included a new diversion dam, an entry lock, and a waste weir. It was opened in 1891.</p><br>
<p>The Columbia Mill, now known as the South Carolina State Museum, was built on high ground north of Gervais Street. To power the alternating current motors in the mills, a powerhouse was built on the canal about 600 ft (183 m) away. This made it the first textile mill in the world to use AC motors and generate power away from the mill.</p><br>
<p>The Columbia Hydro plant was built at the southern end of the canal. This produced power for industry, the City of Columbia, and the street railway system. It was once operated by the South Carolina Electric & Gas Co.</p><br>
<h3>2008</h3><br>
<p>In September 2008, the St Columbia division of the Ancient Order of Hibernians dedicated a memorial to the Irish canal workers that built the Columbia Canal. Known as the South Carolina Irish Memorial, this granite memorial pays tribute to the Irish workers that built and also died digging this canal, many that are buried at the nearby St. Peter&#39;s Catholic Church.</p><br>
<h3>2015</h3><br>
<p>As a result of catastrophic flooding in early October, the canal was breached. Shortly after, the South Carolina Army National Guard made a claim that repair was underway. In 2021 the funding for repairs, coming from the Dept. of Housing and Urban Development, was approved and repairs have been estimated to be completed by 2023. As of February 2024, repairs on the canal have yet to begin. They still remain in the planning stage.</p><br>
<p>Anderson Downtown Historic District is a national historic district located at Anderson, Madison County, Indiana. The district dates from c. 1887-1955 and encompasses 32 contributing buildings in the central business district of Anderson. Despite some loss of integrity due to demolition and alteration, the district still includes a significant collection of historic and architecturally distinguished commercial buildings. Aside from the usual historic commercial impact of similar districts, this district includes several properties that illustrate Anderson&#39;s transportation heritage. Included in the district or nearby are the following individual sites on the National Register of Historic Places: Paramount Theatre, Tower Hotel, Anderson Bank Building, Gruenewald House, and The Anderson Center for the Arts. Additional notable or interesting buildings include the Union Building, the State Theater, the Central Christian Church, the Anderson YMCA, the old post office and the Big Four.</p><br>
<p>It was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.</p><br>
<p>The Knightstown Academy is a historic school building located at Knightstown, Henry County, Indiana. It was built as a Quaker Academy in 1876 and affiliated with the Society of Friends. It is now an apartment building. The attached gymnasium was used as the home court of the Hickory Huskers in the 1985 movie Hoosiers.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976. It is located in Knightstown Historic District.</p><br>
<p>Briarhurst Manor, also known as William A. Bell House, is a finely grained pink Victorian sandstone manor house listed on the National Register of Historic Places in the city of Manitou Springs, Colorado. It is the second building on this site.</p><br>
<p>Construction of the original Briarhurst began in 1872. Dr. William Bell, the home&#39;s owner, left for England to marry a woman named Cara, who agreed to live with Bell in Colorado as long as her children were born in England. The Tudor Revival style home was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. Fountain Creek passes through the estate and the home is in the shadow of Pikes Peak.</p><br>
<p>Under Mrs. Cara Bell&#39;s direction, Briarhurst became "the social center" of the community, hosting the internationally famous of the day, President Grant, President Teddy Roosevelt and Oscar Wilde after his lecture in Colorado Springs in 1882. On occasion, a tribe of friendly Utes camped on the Briarhurst estate grounds while preparing to go into the Garden of the Gods, for them a holy place of worship.</p><br>
<p>One winter night in 1886, while Dr. Bell was away on business, Mrs. Bell awoke to a bedroom filled with smoke. Burning embers escaped from a fireplace in Briarhurst. She woke the children and servants. Cara stayed in the burning house and with the help of gardener Schneider, they rescued a prized oil painting by Thomas Moran, the "Mount of the Holy Cross". The family escaped safely, but lost all of their belongings and returned to England. They returned in early 1887 to begin reconstruction of a second, more elaborate Briarhurst Manor, complete with schoolroom, conservatory, cloister and a library with a special alcove to display the "Mount of the Holy Cross."</p><br>
<p>Today, 5 acre of the original Briarhurst estate is a restaurant and event venue. The restaurant seats over 400 guests and features Colorado cuisine. About 2 acres of the old estate is used for a large warehouse building and the Blue Skies Inn Bed and Breakfast utilizing the original 1873 carriage house and 4 other buildings. Hundreds of weddings and receptions are celebrated in the Briarhurst gardens created by Dr Bell&#39;s gardener Ferdinand Schneider over a hundred years ago.</p><br>
<p>The J. B. Crowell and Son Brick Mould Mill Complex is located on Lippencott Road near the hamlet of Wallkill, New York, United States, part of the Town of Shawangunk in Ulster County. It was established in 1870 by James Burns Crowell, after he changed his mind about a teaching career. The mill originally made not only brick moulds but wooden agricultural implements such as wheelbarrows and oxbows, as well as children&#39;s sleds.</p><br>
<p>Two years after it began operations, many of the current structures were erected. The complex was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. It has unfortunately closed its operations as of 2020.</p><br>
<p>The Indiana Theatre is a multiple use performing arts venue located at 140 W. Washington Street in Indianapolis, Indiana. It was built as a movie palace and ballroom in 1927 and today is the home of the Indiana Repertory Theatre. It was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places in 1979. It is located in the Washington Street-Monument Circle Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The building is six stories and is of concrete frame construction. The front of the building is sheathed in white terra cotta. The main feature of the facade is the curving triangular arch with churrigueresque framing that fills the central bay above the marquee. The original marquee is still in place. The basement originally contained bowling alleys and billiard rooms. Upper floors were divided between office space and theater space. The interior included an entrance lobby, -story main lobby and a 3,200-seat auditorium. The auditorium was distinguished by elaborate plaster ornamentation based on Spanish Baroque motifs. The building is topped by the Indiana Roof Ballroom, a large atmospheric ballroom decorated to resemble a square surrounded by buildings with a stage at one end. The ballroom has an elliptical dome with sky effects. The theater is a major example of the American motion picture palace. The building was restored and the auditorium was extensively remodeled in 1979–80 to accommodate the needs of the Indiana Repertory Theatre.</p><br>
<p>Oldfields, also known as Lilly House and Gardens, is a 26 acre historic estate and house museum at Newfields in Indianapolis, Indiana, United States. The estate, an example of the American country house movement of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, was designated a USA National Historic Landmark in 2003.</p><br>
<p>Oldfields was built between 1909 and 1913 by architect Lewis Ketcham Davis for the family of Hugh McKennan Landon, who occupied the home from 1913 until 1932 when it was sold to Josiah K. Lilly Jr. Lilly, the late Indianapolis businessman, collector, and philanthropist, renovated and expanded the estate throughout the 1930s and 1940s, updating interiors as well as adding a number of new buildings to the grounds.</p><br>
<p>Now known as Lilly House, the 22-room mansion has undergone historic restoration and is now open to the public. The historic house is currently interpreted to reflect the 1930s era when the Lilly family occupied the residence. The rest of the Oldfields estate, which was given to the Art Association of Indianapolis by Lillys children in 1967, now makes up a major portion of the Newfields campus. In addition to the homes significance as a representation of the American country house movement, Oldfields&#39; gardens and grounds are a rare example of a preserved estate landscape designed by Percival Gallagher of the Olmsted Brothers firm.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Oldfields was established as part of the Town of Woodstock, a tract of land purchased and developed by Hugh McKennan Landon and Linnaes C. Boyd around 1910 as a suburban neighborhood north of Indianapolis. The area was adjacent to the 555 acre Crown Hill Cemetery and the White River, and included residential lots, a reservoir, and a country club. Landon reserved 26 acres, or about half of the land, for the construction of Oldfields, which was completed around 1913.</p><br>
<p>In 1932, in the midst of the Great Depression, Josiah K. Lilly Jr. purchased the estate. In spite of the economic times, Lilly undertook a number of renovation and expansion projects on the property, including an extension to the south for a new library, renovation of the stair hall and front entrance, and the addition of a vestibule that aligned the entrance with the allée at the front of the property.</p><br>
<p>In the 1950s, Lilly redecorated several rooms in keeping with the tastes of the time. Bookshelves were removed and walls repainted in order to make room for an expanding portrait collection. Additionally, muralist Douglas Riseborough was employed to update the stair hall and the loggia with murals depicting the surrounding grounds and gardens. While most of these renovations were changed in subsequent decades, the mural illustrating views of the allée can still be seen in the loggia.</p><br>
<p>In 1967, following the deaths of Lilly and his wife, the Lilly children, Ruth Lilly and J.K. Lilly III, gave the estate to the Art Association of Indianapolis to serve as the new art museum. Called the "Lilly Pavilion of Decorative Arts", the house served as an exhibit space at the time that the association changed its name to the Indianapolis Museum of Art in 1969. In the years that followed, the exhibits focused more on decorative arts and less on the historic aspects of the home and garden. Beginning in the 1980s and 1990s, planning began to restore Oldfields to its former condition. In 2002 the historic home reopened to the public, and in 2003 it was designated as a national historic landmark. The property is considered a historic district and includes 10 buildings and 28 other contributing resources.</p><br>
<h3>Country house movement</h3><br>
<p>Oldfields is an exemplary representation of an estate constructed during the Country Place Era, or the American country house movement, which took place from approximately 1885 to 1939. The country house movement was a reaction to the expanding industrialization and urbanization of America following the Civil War. As industrialists and businessmen became wealthier at the turn of the twentieth century, it became increasingly popular to invest in large, country estates located outside of cities. It was a way to return to a simpler life, far from the increasingly crowded, dirty, industrialized city. As more families began to own automobiles it became even more feasible to live in the country while remaining involved in city life.</p><br>
<p>Country houses during this era were often palatial, with expansive estates and architecturally designed gardens. Many estates were self-sufficient farms as well. While the Biltmore Estate in Asheville, North Carolina is considered to be the first and most grand example of the Country Place Era, estates as small as twenty acres could also be reflective of the movement. Oldfields is one such example.</p><br>
<h2>Structure</h2><br>
<p>Lilly House was designed by Landon&#39;s brother-in-law, Lewis Ketcham Davis, in French Châteauesque style. The house is positioned on a bluff overlooking the White River, taking advantage of expansive views to the west.</p><br>
<p>The house includes a service wing, pavilions on the east and west with access to balconies from the second floor, and a large terrace atop a garage and service area. While occupied by the Landon family, the main floor originally included a music room, library, sunroom, living room, dining room, kitchen, and porch. The second floor was made up of private suites, bedrooms, bathrooms, the servants suite, and a study. A third-floor ballroom was also present in the Landon home and was used for storage during the Lillys occupancy. At that time the estate also included a formal garden, greenhouse, tennis court, and several outbuildings.</p><br>
<p>Following the renovations of J.K. Lilly Jr., components of the main level included a great hall, game room, library, drawing room, loggia, dining room, kitchen, and servants quarters as well as an altered stair hall and entrance.</p><br>
<h2>Grounds and gardens</h2><br>
<p>The first garden on the estate was included as part of the initial design by architect Lewis Ketcham Davis. This formal sunken garden was located to the south of the home and was connected by a series of pathways, flights of steps, and a limestone bridge. The focus of the garden was a circular fountain, surrounded by arbor trellises, two Hermes sculptures, and a shaded bench. The garden has been restored and remains true to its former design.</p><br>
<p>The landscape remained largely unchanged until Percival Gallagher of the Olmsted Brothers Firm was hired in 1920 by Landons second wife, Jessie. Gallaghers plans for the property balanced formal components, such as the extravagant allée, and more informal components such as the ravine garden. The ravine garden consists of a watercourse lined with an extensive pattern of rocks, flowers, shrubs, and trees, as well as a meandering path and bridge.</p><br>
<p>The Grand Allée, or vista, at the front of the property, added an increased sense of formality to the estate, while also serving the more practical function of blocking unwanted sounds and views of Michigan Road. A circular fountain and sculpture of The Three Graces were installed at the end of the allée, positioned in front of a line of evergreens that block the road. Double rows of Dutch elms were planted along each side of the allée, framing the view of the house and drive. Behind the elm trees on both sides of the allée, Gallagher designed border gardens with meandering paths, a multitude of flower beds, and additional sculptures. The border gardens were meant to entice visitors to explore the paths before emerging at the far end of the allée.</p><br>
<p>When the Lillys purchased the property in 1933 the gardens and grounds were just beginning to mature. The family left the gardens largely unaltered other than the addition of several sculptures throughout. Lilly also constructed a number of new buildings on the grounds, expanding the greenhouse significantly. In 1939, Newfield was constructed as a residence for Joe Lilly and his family. In 1940, a recreation building was built in the south pasture that housed an indoor pool, game room, and exercise room. Outside of the recreation building was an outdoor pool, tennis court, and Four Seasons garden.</p><br>
<p>An antique wellhead from Europe is located there.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>Oldfields is one of three components of Newfields, with Lilly House located adjacent to the main Indianapolis Museum of Art building and the Virginia B. Fairbanks Art & Nature Park: 100 Acres. The house features eight furnished historic rooms on the main level, including the stair hall, great hall, game room, library, drawing room, loggia, dining room, and kitchen, the majority of which reflect the 1930s period of the Lilly familys occupancy. Nearly 90 percent of the furnishings and objects are original to the house and were used by the Lilly family. The upper level of Lilly House features historical and interactive exhibits detailing the American Country Place era, Oldfields development as a country estate, and Indianapolis in the early twentieth century. The second level also includes a sampling of Lillys collections of books, gold coins, military miniatures, and nautical items. Oldfields gardens and grounds are preserved and maintained by the museum and are interpreted to reflect the intentions of Percival Gallagher&#39;s design.</p><br>
<p>The Bank of California Building, also known as the Durham & Bates Building and currently the Three Kings Building, is a historic former bank building in downtown Portland, Oregon, United States. It has been on the National Register of Historic Places since 1978. The three-story building was designed by A. E. Doyle in an Italianate style and completed in 1925. The ground floor features a two-story-high grand room with 36 ft ceilings. The building&#39;s original owner and occupant, the Bank of California, moved out around the end of 1969 and sold the building in 1970. It was last used as a bank in 1977. It is currently owned by Surlamer Investments.</p><br>
<h2>Establishment and original use</h2><br>
<p>The London and San Francisco Bank established a Portland branch in 1882. When the San Francisco-based Bank of California acquired and absorbed that institution in 1905, the branch became the first Bank of California branch in Portland. In 1924, officers of the bank approved plans to construct a new building for the Portland branch. Since about 1894, it had been located at Third and Stark Streets in downtown, in the Chamber of Commerce Building Noted Portland architect A. E. Doyle was hired to design the new structure. Doyle&#39;s chief designer Charles K. Greene had traveled abroad to study Greco-Roman architectural forms in the 1910s.</p><br>
<p>His research resulted in three Italianate buildings in Portland, of which the Bank of California Building was the first. The others were the Chicago/Italianate Pacific Building and the Public Service Building, an early skyscraper. While the Pacific and Public Service Buildings are large, multi-story structures, the three-story Bank of California Building is small. It has been described as being in the style of an Italian Renaissance palazzo (palace). Construction began in 1924, the building was completed in 1925 and opened on July 20 of that year.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<h3>Exterior</h3><br>
<p>The building occupies a 50 x site at the northeast corner of 6th Avenue and Stark Streets; it faces 6th. The main façade features five large, 28 ft tall windows which are arched at the top. Above each is a smaller rectangular window at the second-floor level. The third floor is within the buildings hipped roof and is windowless. The exterior is clad in cast terracotta with marble trim, and the roof is covered in red clay tiles. Terracotta is also used for the cornices. Two ornate bronze lamps flank the central entrance, similar in style to fixtures used on Portlands Doyle-designed Public Service Building of the same period. A bronze portico frames the bronze gates of the main entrance, located in the central arch of the five tall arches. For many years, this was the building&#39;s only entrance. However, in 1977, during work to modify the building for non-banking uses, a second entrance was built in the northernmost arch of the main façade, accessing a new, smaller lobby and providing more direct access to the upper floors.</p><br>
<p>Originally, the buildings north side was directly adjacent to the six-story Fenton Building (also known as the Guaranty Building), obscured from view, and was not given any decorative surface when built. However, following that buildings demolition in 1971, the Bank of California Buildings newly exposed north façade was resurfaced in cast terracotta in a pattern simulating that of the west and south façades. A surface parking lot took the Fenton Buildings place, and a drive-up teller window was added to the buildings north end; this addition was the only substantial alteration to the buildings exterior between its completion in 1925 and its nomination to the National Register in 1978. It was converted into a 16-story hotel in 2008, the Marriott-owned Courtyard Portland City Center, leaving the north façade hidden from view again.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>In addition to three main floors, the building has a mezzanine situated between the first (ground) and second floors. At the time of the buildings opening in 1925, the windowless third floor was not fully outfitted for use, and was planned to be "held in reserve" until then-anticipated expansion of the banks business in Portland created a need for additional work space. It was eventually equipped "as a lounge, library, and recreation space for the bank&#39;s employees". A basement was also included. It housed the bank vaults (of which there are three), among other facilities. The ground floor was occupied by the main banking room, with a line of teller windows along the east side. It was designed as a "grand two-story room with ornate coffered beam ceilings", which are 36 ft high. The mezzanine was originally situated only along the north side and is 16 ft wide there. The floor of the former banking lobby is marble, as were the teller counters (since removed). Most other interior surfaces are cast materials made to simulate travertine marble.</p><br>
<p>Along with removal of the line of teller windows, other work undertaken during the 1977 modifications included an extension of the mezzanine southwards along the east wall to the south wall, and the addition of a freestanding stairway between it and the center of the ground-floor lobby.</p><br>
<h3>Immediate surroundings</h3><br>
<p>The northbound Portland Transit Mall passes in front of the building. During the malls construction in 1976–77 the plain cement sidewalk in front of the building was resurfaced in brick, and street trees were added. A large shelter for the new bus stop that was installed there at that time was removed when the mall was rebuilt in 2007–08. MAX light rail trains have passed in front of the building since 2009. Since completion of a renovation of the transit mall in 2009, the bronze sculpture Talos No. 2 has stood in front of the building, near the corner of 6th and Stark. The Bank of California Building stands directly across 6th Avenue from another A. E. Doyle-designed bank building, the United States National Bank Building, of 1917. That buildings classical style contrasts sharply with the Bank of California Building&#39;s Italianate design.</p><br>
<h2>Post-1960s owners or primary tenants</h2><br>
<p>The Bank of California remained at the site for almost 45 years until moving west by just over one block to a new 15-story high-rise building in December 1969. or tower and was renamed the Union Bank of California Building after a 1996 merger. It was then occupied, in turn, by Security Bank of Oregon, the Oregon Bank, and insurance company Durham & Bates, Inc. and to read after that company moved into the building. The structure was added to the National Register of Historic Places in March 1978.</p><br>
<p>Bidwell & Company, a Portland-based stock brokerage firm, purchased the building in November 1999 and launched an intensive nine-month renovation in 2000.</p><br>
<p>The A. Smith Bowman Distillery is a distillery that was originally based on the Bowman family&#39;s 7,200-acre Sunset Hills Farm in Fairfax County, Virginia, United States, in what later became the planned community of Reston. The distillery was founded in 1934 on the day after the end of Prohibition, by Abram Smith Bowman and his sons, Abram Smith, Jr., and DeLong.</p><br>
<p>From the time of its founding until the 1950s, it was the only legal whiskey distillery in the Commonwealth of Virginia.</p><br>
<p>The primary brands produced by the distillery were the Virginia Gentleman and Fairfax County bourbon whiskeys.</p><br>
<p>In February 1988, it relocated to Spotsylvania County, near Fredericksburg, into a former FMC Corp. cellophane plant at One Bowman Drive, where operation continues as a microdistillery owned by the Sazerac Company.</p><br>
<h2>Current distillery</h2><br>
<p>The A. Smith Bowman distillery business was purchased in 2003 by the Sazerac Company, which is a large privately owned liquor producer with headquarters in New Orleans.</p><br>
<p>It continues to operate (at a different location from the original distillery), and produces the Virginia Gentleman bourbon brand, other bourbons, and other products including a vodka called "Deep Run" and a gin called "Sunset Hills".</p><br>
<p>In particular, it also produces bourbon brands named after the Bowman family of Virginia/Kentucky pioneers, including:</p><br>
<p>Bowman Brothers Small Batch bourbon, named after the pioneer Bowman brothers, who were sometimes called the "Four Centaurs of Cedar Creek"</p><br>
<p>Abraham Bowman bourbon, named after Colonel Abraham Bowman (1749–1837)</p><br>
<p>George Bowman rum, named after George Bowman (1699–1768)</p><br>
<p>John J. Bowman Single Barrel bourbon, named after Colonel John Bowman (1738–1784)</p><br>
<p>Mary Hite Bowman Caramel Bourbon Cream Liqueur, named after the mother of the Bowman brothers.</p><br>
<h2>Historic building</h2><br>
<p>The building in which the distillery originally operated was constructed circa 1892 under the guidance of Dr. C.A. Max Wiehle, a physician from Philadelphia who retired from practice at the age of 41 and tried to establish a town and farming community known as Wiehle on 3,228 acres of land he purchased in 1882. The first floor served as the Wiehle town hall, and the second floor housed the Wiehle Methodist Episcopal church. The building originally featured an 80 lb bell and a steeple, which were later removed to satisfy community concerns over having a distillery with the appearance of a church. The movement to build the town foundered after the death of Dr. Wiehle from pneumonia in 1901, and the building ceased to serve as a town hall in 1909. The church had moved elsewhere in 1907. For a time, the building then became a single-family residence and general store, until purchased by Abram Smith Bowman in 1927 as part of a 4,000-acre parcel called Sunset Hills. Bowman would later make an additional 3,240-acre purchase of what was known as the Dunn Tract in 1947 – creating the largest privately owned property in the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area, which would remain so until nearly all of the land was sold to a real estate company in 1960. After a brief transitional ownership by the real estate company, a 60-acre area containing the distillery was sold back to Bowman&#39;s sons Abram Smith, Jr., and Delong.</p><br>
<p>Bowman, born in Mercer County, Kentucky in 1868, established a distillery in 1934 on the day after Prohibition was repealed, and the building originally served as the warehouse of the distillery. The first bourbon produced by the distillery was shipped from the warehouse in 1937. Between 1934 and some point in the 1950s, Bowman&#39;s was the only legal whiskey distillery in the Commonwealth of Virginia.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places by the National Park Service in 1999, and has been the subject of several rezoning applications.</p><br>
<p>A proposal to construct condominiums on the site was approved September 24, 2007.</p><br>
<p>An earlier version of the proposal mentioned 8 units as new buildings (on 0.23 acres),</p><br>
<p>in addition to constructing 3 units within the historic structure,</p><br>
<p>while noting that it replaced a planned use of the structure as a cultural center (i.e., for the Greater Reston Arts Center). It is located at the northeast corner of the intersection of Old Reston Avenue and Sunset Hills Road, and has the address 1875 Old Reston Avenue, Reston, VA, 20190.</p><br>
<p>First Presbyterian Church in Sag Harbor, New York, also known as Old Whalers Church, is a historic and architecturally notable Presbyterian church built in 1844 in the Egyptian Revival style. The church is Sag Harbors "most distinguished landmark." The facade has been described as "the most important  example of Egyptian revival style in the United States," and "the best example of the Egyptian Revival style in the USA today.</p><br>
<p>The church was designed by Minard Lafever in an Egyptian Revival style that includes Greek Revival elements. With its original steeple, 185 feet high, it was the tallest structure on Long Island when built. The steeple was destroyed by the Great New England Hurricane of 1938. Although many lament the loss, architectural historian Richard Carrot believes that the removal of the steeple was "successful", in that it left "a more Egyptian building."</p><br>
<p>The church is located at 44 Union Street, within the historic Sag Harbor Village District, and was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1994. It is the only such landmark in Sag Harbor.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The church&#39;s tripartite facade evokes the massive trapezoidal pylons of Egyptian temples. The deep cornice is crested with a crenelation of blubber spades, referring to the whaling industry that created the wealth of the village.</p><br>
<p>The ministers dedicatory sermon said that the congregations intention in commissioning an Egyptian-style building was to symbolize Solomon&#39;s Temple.</p><br>
<p>The foyer features trapezoidal Egyptian Revival doors. The original bell is preserved in the narthex. during World War II. The church also celebrated the anniversary by putting on a grand historical pageant in the costumes of the 1840s. As many local young men were stationed overseas, they sang a song from 1849, when many local men left for the California Gold Rush: "Star of Peace to Wanderers Weary."</p><br>
<p>The interior of the sanctuary is entirely in ornate Greek Revival style. It is spacious, with a capacity to seat 800. The pulpit is framed by a pair of pilasters and a pair of Corinthian columns that rise over 50 feet to a coffered ceiling. Trompe-l&#39;œil behind the pulpit gives the impression of a curved wall. The old-fashioned box pews have Cuban mahogany railings. Many have hand-engraved, 19th-century silver nameplates on the doors, when families "bought" some boxes. Fluted columns support galleries on each side of the sanctuary. The coffered ceiling is supported from a central beam, eliminating the need for supporting columns. It is edged with egg-and-dart molding.</p><br>
<p>A fence along Union Street is built with Egyptian obelisk-shaped fence posts. It is a modern copy of the original fence, which was removed in the 1880s. The fence was an important part of Lafevers original plan to replicate Solomons Temple in Egyptian style. The plan of the original Temple had a forecourt. Worshippers would pass two great pillars, named Boaz and Jachin, before passing into the sanctuary. In Lafever&#39;s design, the fence marked the "forecourt", and the doorway is framed by two enormous pylons representing Boaz and Jachin.</p><br>
<h3>Steeple</h3><br>
<p>The church was originally topped with a steeple 185 feet tall, making it visible to ships rounding Montauk Point about 21 miles away by road. The church was the tallest building on Long Island when it opened. The steeple was designed in three upward tapering sections. At the base was an octagonal Greek revival colonnade in which a bell hung. This was a replica of the 4th century BC Choragic Monument of Lysicrates. Above this was a section with four panels, each with Greek key and rosette motifs, which contained clockworks made by Ephriam Byram, Sag Harbors clockmaker. The clock was removed in 1845 since the areas high winds, which powered the town&#39;s many windmills, caused vibrations that made the clock run inaccurately. The slender top spire supported a weather vane.</p><br>
<p>In the late 1800s, George Sterling and his best friend Roosevelt Johnson climbed to the top of the steeple one Saturday night and nailed a homemade pirate&#39;s flag to the top. Churchgoers were shocked to see it Sunday morning, and tried to identify the perpetrators, but could not. The flag flew for a week before a professional steeplejack was hired to remove it.</p><br>
<p>The steeple was destroyed during the Great Hurricane of 1938. Fundraising to replace the steeple began in 1952. In 1997 a proposal was floated to raise the necessary funds by installing a cell-phone transmission tower inside the new steeple, to be paid for by the cell phone company. In 2000, the cost of restoring the steeple was estimated at $2,000,000.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first building of the First Presbyterian Church of Sag Harbor was erected in 1766. Known as the "Old Barn Church", it was a "simple building of uncouth shape," a wood-frame building with walls and a roof, but neither a ceiling nor interior plastered walls. According to the Rev. Nathaniel S. Prime, pastor from 1806–09, "If a shower of rain occurred during public worship, the minister was obliged to retreat to the corner of the ample pulpit to escape the falling drops."</p><br>
<p>The church was named a National Historic Landmark by the USA Department of the Interior in 1994. The congregation hopes someday to reconstruct the steeple.</p><br>
<p>The 1816 building was sold for other uses. Known as "the Atheneum," it was used as a community lecture hall and theater. It burned down on April 30, 1924.</p><br>
<h3>Restoration</h3><br>
<p>In 1950 when the ceiling was found to be unsafe, the church had to be closed for many months. It was reopened in July 1952 after thorough repairs. The "modern" electric lighting fixtures were removed and replaced with a chandelier and sidelights designed to look like the church&#39;s original whale-oil burning fixtures.</p><br>
<p>Another restoration, beginning in the 1990s, received state funding because of the buildings historic significance. During this period the church documented that Minard Lafever had designed the 19th-century building. A letter was found, written by a young cabinetmaker working on the building in 1843, who named Lafever as the architect. This confirmation aided in gaining financial support for the churchs restoration, based on its architectural significance. Given documentation of the architect, and with other restoration money for structural repairs, church administrators believed they would be able to raise funds to restore the steeple.</p><br>
<h2>Modern use</h2><br>
<p>The church continues to be used by the First Presbyterian congregation, which meets on Sunday morning.</p><br>
<p>Top Cottage, also known as Hill-Top Cottage, in Hyde Park, New York, was a private retreat designed by and for Franklin D. Roosevelt. Built in 1938-39, during Roosevelt&#39;s second term as President of the United States, it was designed to accommodate his need for wheelchair accessibility. It was one of the earliest such buildings in the country, and the first significant building designed by a person with a disability.</p><br>
<p>Although it was meant as a retreat, FDR also received notable guests at the cottage, including Britain&#39;s King George VI and Queen Elizabeth. After half a century in private ownership, the property was restored and given to the National Park Service, which today operates it as part of the nearby Home of Franklin D. Roosevelt National Historic Site. Top Cottage was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1997. Guided tours of the cottage are available from the main site but private vehicles are not permitted.</p><br>
<p>This building is the only building designed by a sitting USA president other than Thomas Jefferson, who designed several at his home in Monticello, Poplar Forest, the University of Virginia, and the Virginia State Capitol.</p><br>
<h2>Building and site</h2><br>
<p>The cottage is in the Dutch Colonial Revival architectural style, built of fieldstone. It is one of several buildings in Hyde Park and surrounding communities that FDR ensured were built in that style, which he hoped to revive in the region. It is located at the end of Potters Bend Road, a residential street in a rural area of Hyde Park, at the top of the 500-foot (152 m) ridgetop unofficially known as Dutchess Hill where Roosevelt had played as a child. In FDR&#39;s time, it had commanding views of the Hudson River and the Catskill Mountains, now obscured by trees.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Although Roosevelt built a vacation house in Georgia at the end of his term as governor of New York (near the hot-spring estate in Bullochville, Georgia that he had bought in 1927 and renamed Warm Springs), he had never owned a year-round home of his own. He had moved into his mother&#39;s house at Hyde Park, enlarged for him and his family, and otherwise lived in family townhouses in New York City, rented houses in Albany and Washington, D.C., or official residences such as the New York State Executive Mansion and the White House. In 1933, Roosevelt realized the family home in Hyde Park did not offer him sufficient distance from the pressures of the presidency. He realized he would need a more isolated retreat, "a small place to go to escape the mob..."</p><br>
<p>Two years later, Roosevelt and his cousin Margaret Suckley spent some time together on the top of the hill, with a view over the Hudson River to the Catskill Mountains, and were both impressed by the possibilities. He would refer to it as "Our Hill&quot she as "the nicest Hill in Dutchess County". In October of that year he suggested it would be the perfect spot for "a one-story fieldstone two-room house... one with very thick walls to protect us." She responded enthusiastically, with a sketch that looks similar to the finished building.</p><br>
<p>Roosevelt at first envisioned it as where he would live after his presidency, and bought the 118 acre hillside parcel in 1937, after his re-election. By that point in his life, he needed to use a wheelchair for much of the time due to his paralytic illness and could only walk short distances with great difficulty and assistance, a fact he and others concealed from the public. He designed the cottage to accommodate the wheelchair, with one flat floor and everything he could want or need located within easy reach of someone in a sitting position. Top Cottage is the only presidential residence, other than Thomas Jefferson&#39;s Monticello and Poplar Forest, designed by a president. It is also the first significant accessible building designed by a disabled person.</p><br>
<p>Roosevelt began submitting sketches to architects in 1938. angering some Republican architects when an article about the cottage doing exactly that ran in Life magazine. There are some indications that Toombs was the architect but suggested he be listed only as the associate with Roosevelt being credited as the architect. Crediting Roosevelt as the architect brought criticism from others, including John Lloyd Wright, son of architect Frank Lloyd Wright. Wright said, "awaited pictures of Doctor Roosevelt performing an appendectomy."</p><br>
<p>At the time when houses cost $1,000 the cottage cost $16,599, but in the end, it is thought that Roosevelt never spent a single night at the cottage; despite being designed after becoming disabled, his mothers larger home was more suitable for Roosevelts disability. The design had many other problems; the ventilation was faulty, the bedrooms were too small, and it had only one bathroom and no closets. Nonetheless, when guests visited Hyde Park, Roosevelt always showed them Top Cottage first. Modern renovations to the cottage, allowing it to open to the public, cost $1,500,000, including $750,000 to buy the cottage.</p><br>
<p>The next year it would be host to the famous picnic where Roosevelt cooked and served hot dogs to King George VI and Queen Elizabeth on the first state visit to the United States by a British sovereign. It was during the King and Queen&#39;s visit that Roosevelt broke protocol and proposed a toast to the Queen. She reportedly became flustered at the break in protocol and drank to herself.</p><br>
<p>His original intention to use it as a retirement home were put on hold when he won an unprecedented third term the next year. But he continued to use Top Cottage as a retreat, bringing important visitors such as British Prime Minister Winston Churchill there to discuss the atomic bomb, as well as close friends like Suckley, who took the only two published photos of him in his wheelchair on the cottage&#39;s porch.</p><br>
<p>After Roosevelts death, his son Elliott Roosevelt lived there for a while. He made some renovations, such as adding dormer windows and a mud room. Later he sold the house to the Potter family, who gave their name to the street leading to the home. It remained in their possession until 1996, when it was sold again to the Open Space Institute (OSI). The following year it was recognized as a National Historic Landmark, and the OSI began renovations, removing Elliott Roosevelts additions and thinning some of the trees that had obstructed the view. In 2001, it was turned over to the National Park Service to be made part of the existing historic site. The house was opened to the public for the first time in 2001. It is used as a conference center, in addition to being open to the public.</p><br>
<h2>Location and further information</h2><br>
<p>The cottage is located in Hyde Park, New York. It is open only to those with reservations. Although the original furnishings were lost, in 2011 the Park Service furnished the main area with reproductions and antiques which match the original contents.</p><br>
<p>The cottage was subject of a review book, The President as Architect: Franklin D. Roosevelt&#39;s Top Cottage, was compiled by John G. Waite Associates, an Albany architectural firm specializing in restorations. It is also prominently featured in the 2012 film, Hyde Park on Hudson.</p><br>
<p>The King Store and Homestead are historic buildings located at 209 and 211 Main Street, in the Ledgewood section of Roxbury Township, in Morris County, New Jersey, United States. The Roxbury Historic Trust acts as curator for these Roxbury Township-owned buildings. They were purchased by the Township with Green Acres funding. The buildings were added to the National Register of Historic Places on April 29, 1994, for their significance in commerce from 1815 to 1928. Both were later added as contributing properties to the Ledgewood Historic District on April 18, 2013.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The King Store is a 2½ story building built of rubble stone in 1815 by Woodruff and Hopkins. At the ground floor its walls are 3 ft thick. Originally it had white stucco walls with green shutters and door. The Woodruff family operated the store until 1835. For approximately two years it lay abandoned and was home to wandering goats and sheep. In 1837 Albert Riggs (son of Silas Riggs, a tanner by trade and owner of several canal boats) acquired the building and reopened it as a general store serving the community and the Morris Canal trade. For many years it also served as Post Office and its owner as Postmaster. The Store was located 150 feet from the Morris Canal Basin.</p><br>
<p>Theodore King, the son-in-law of Albert Riggs, took over the Store in 1873. He lived on the second floor of the building with his wife and daughter. By 1881, Mr. King had built a residence on adjacent property and then began a renovation of the Store, changing the décor to Greek revival and the color scheme to crème with brown trim. In the process, the exterior was given a smooth coat of stucco which was scored to resemble large blocks. The interior of the Store was given an Italianate design with a cream and maroon color scheme. The Roxbury Rotary restored and stabilized the building by early 2000 and then began work on the Homestead.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The King Homestead, a vernacular frame house to start, had several additions with Italianate and Queen Anne influenced detailing. It is possible that the original house may just have consisted of the current parlor, Exhibit Rooms 1 and 2, one or both staircases to the second floor, on which there were two front bedrooms (current RHT Office and Conference Room) and a smaller bedroom at the rear. There were stairs to the basement which contained the kitchen (basement kitchens were common in Victorian homes). The dumb waiter was probably moved to its present location when the dining room was added, so that food could be brought up from the kitchen below. The final additions to the home were probably the circular first floor office used by Mr. King then later by Louse King, and a rear first floor kitchen. Of artistic interest is the four wall, oil on canvas, dining room mural. It was painted by James William Marland in 1936. It was both signed and dated by the artist.</p><br>
<h2>Visiting</h2><br>
<p>Both Museums are opened the second Sunday of each month (except January) from 1 to 4 pm. Visitors are welcome and encouraged to call for an appointment if the regular opening times are not convenient.</p><br>
<h2>Sources</h2><br>
<p>Crayon, J.P, Rockaway Records of Morris County, N.J. Families 1902.</p><br>
<p>Hosking, Annie S.& Meeker, Harriet The History of Roxbury Township Vol.1&11 Roxbury Township Historical Society.</p><br>
<p>Kane, Martin Hopatcong: A Century of Memories Arcadia Publishing.</p><br>
<p>Lee, James Tales the Boatman Told 1973, reprinted Canal Press 1989.</p><br>
<p>Lewis Publishing Biographical History of Morris County New Jersey 1899.</p><br>
<p>Lum, Edward H. Genealogy of the Lum Family 1927.</p><br>
<p>Munsell, W.W. History of Morris County, New Jersey 1882.</p><br>
<p>Murray, Stuart A.P. History of Hopatcong Borough 1976 Hopatcong Bicentennial Committee.</p><br>
<p>Serally, Ruthann & Lyman, Francis Old Homes of Roxbury Township Historical Society.</p><br>
<p>Thompson, Mary Wolfe Theodore Frelinghuysen Wolfe Privately published.</p><br>
<p>Crammond, Richard Officer and board member of the Roxbury Historic Trust and Chairman of the Township of Roxbury Historical Committee. Miriam Morris, architect and Historic Trust member.</p><br>
<p>The Crailo State Historic Site  is a historic, fortified brick manor house in Rensselaer, New York which was built in 1707. The word Crailo is derived from kraaien bos  and refers to Kiliaen van Rensselaers estate in Huizen, Holland, which is also named "Crailo". Fort Crailo is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Starting as early as 1663 through the 18th century, the area surrounding the site had become synonymously known as Greenbush. The property consisted of flat alluvial farmlands, orchards, mills, a store, and ferry rights to Albany. As early as 1663, the estate later known as Hendricks manor had a small fort for the protection of the local inhabitants from Indian attacks during the Esopus Wars and in 1675 during King Philips War the local militia captain was instructed to install a palisade around this fort. The fields and farm buildings at Crailo were used to quarter British and colonial troops as early as 1694 and at intervals during each of the French and Indian wars.</p><br>
<p>The property was inherited by Hendrick van Rensselaer, Kiliean&#39;s grandson, who built the house in 1707. His son, Johannes, was a captain in the colonial militia. Captain van Rensselaer inherited Crailo in 1740. The gunports were likely added after a raiding party of 80 French and Indians attacked Greenbush, killing up to five persons in 1746. The inhabitants of Albany witnessed this assault from across the river but troops were unable to cross in time to defend Greenbush. In 1751 and 1754 Captain van Rensselaer provided candles and firewood to the colonial garrisons at Albany and Schenectady. The house was expanded in 1762. The loopholes on the lower floor indicate the original defensive nature of the house.</p><br>
<p>Fort Crailo is reportedly the place where, in 1755, British Army surgeon Richard Shuckburgh, quartered in the home, wrote the ditty "Yankee Doodle" to mock the New England colonial troops who fought with the British in the French and Indian Wars.</p><br>
<p>Fort Crailo was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1961.</p><br>
<p>The fort is operated by the State of New York as a museum of the Colonial Dutch culture in New York State. Exhibits include clothing, furniture, household and decorative items, and archaeological artifacts from "New Netherland" historic sites in New York and New Jersey. Many artifacts from the Fort Orange archeological dig in the early 1970s are on display.</p><br>
<p>The Gingras Trading Post State Historic Site is a North Dakota State Historic Site near Walhalla, North Dakota. It features the trading post and home of the Metis legislator and fur trader Antoine Blanc Gingras .</p><br>
<h2>Antoine Blanc Gingras</h2><br>
<p>Antoine Gingras was born in 1821 at Red River, the son of Antoine Cuthbert Gingras, a North West Company voyageur and Marguerite Madeleine Trottier. He began his career as a hunter and trapper. Gingras built a two-story exposed-log trading post and a clapboard house on his plot of land in the 1840s. In 1861, the net worth of Gingras was $60,000.00. He soon owned trading posts across the Dakota Territory and parts of Southern Manitoba. In 1851, Gingras was chosen to represent the area in the Minnesota Territorial House of Representatives. He served in the legislature from 1852 to 1853.</p><br>
<p>When Louis Riel (1844–1885) started the 1869 Red River Rebellion, Gingras also participated in the events. When the City of Winnipeg was chartered in 1873, Gingras was present. Gingras died on September 26, 1877, at Walhalla, North Dakota.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>Gingras Trading Post is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. North Dakota State Historical Society operates the site. It features the original buildings and exhibits about Antoine Blanc Gingras, Metis culture, and the Red River Valley fur trade. It also contains a reproduction of the Gingras Store.</p><br>
